2005
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7499
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Natural and Derivative Brevetoxins: Historical Background, Multiplicity, and Effects

Abstract: Symptoms consistent with inhalation toxicity have long been associated with Florida red tides, and various causal agents have been proposed. Research since 1981 has centered on a group of naturally occurring trans-fused cyclic polyether compounds called brevetoxins that are produced by a marine dinoflagellate known as Karenia brevis. Numerous individual brevetoxins have been identified from cultures as well as from natural bloom events. A spectrum of brevetoxin derivatives produced by chemical modification of … Show more

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Cited by 212 publications
(139 citation statements)
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“…Karenia brevis, the major HAB dinoflagellate in the Gulf of Mexico, produces potent neurotoxins, known as brevetoxins (2). Brevetoxins can lead to human health concerns through the consumption of shellfish contaminated by accumulated brevetoxins, known as neurological shellfish poisoning, or through reduced respiratory function from aerosolized brevetoxins in sea spray (1,3,4). In addition, K. brevis blooms have led to massive fish kills and compromise sea turtle, sea bird, and marine mammal health, playing a major role in the ecology of the Gulf of Mexico (1,5).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Karenia brevis, the major HAB dinoflagellate in the Gulf of Mexico, produces potent neurotoxins, known as brevetoxins (2). Brevetoxins can lead to human health concerns through the consumption of shellfish contaminated by accumulated brevetoxins, known as neurological shellfish poisoning, or through reduced respiratory function from aerosolized brevetoxins in sea spray (1,3,4). In addition, K. brevis blooms have led to massive fish kills and compromise sea turtle, sea bird, and marine mammal health, playing a major role in the ecology of the Gulf of Mexico (1,5).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, there is no known mechanism for this to occur. Brevetoxins bind with the voltage-gated sodium channels of cell membranes and hold these channels in an open configuration (2,3). This allows sodium ions to flux into the cells, driven by the electrochemical gradient for these ions across the outer cell membrane (31).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The physiology, ecology, and adverse effects of K. brevis have been well studied since the species was described in the 1940s (1). Notably, K. brevis produces brevetoxins, a family of potent polyether neurotoxins that bind to voltage-activated sodium channels in cell membranes, preventing normal nerve and muscle activity (2,3). A nontoxic polyether that inhibits brevetoxin function, brevenal, is also produced in small amounts by this species (4).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Ten brevetoxins have been isolated and identified from field blooms and K. brevis cultures (Baden, 1989;Baden et al, 2005). Brevetoxin 2 (PbTx-2) and brevetoxin 3 (PbTx-3) are the most predominant brevetoxins produced by K. brevis.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%