Natural and Experimental Borna Disease in Animals

Rott, R.; Becht, H.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78618-1_2

Cited by 209 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Borna disease virus (BDV) is a highly neurotropic virus that can infect a broad range of warm-blooded animals and possibly also humans (58,63). It has a strong tropism for CNS neurons, in which it replicates without inducing cell damage (23).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

CD8 T Cells Require Gamma Interferon To Clear Borna Disease Virus from the Brain and Prevent Immune System-Mediated Neuronal Damage

Hausmann¹,

Pagenstecher

Baur³

et al. 2005

J Virol

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Borna disease virus (BDV) frequently causes meningoencephalitis and fatal neurological disease in young but not old mice of strain MRL. Disease does not result from the virus-induced destruction of infected neurons. Rather, it is mediated by H-2 k -restricted antiviral CD8 T cells that recognize a peptide derived from the BDV nucleoprotein N. Persistent BDV infection in mice is not spontaneously cleared. We report here that N-specific vaccination can protect wild-type MRL mice but not mutant MRL mice lacking gamma interferon (IFN-␥) from persistent infection with BDV. Furthermore, we observed a significant degree of resistance of old MRL mice to persistent BDV infection that depended on the presence of CD8 T cells. We found that virus initially infected hippocampal neurons around 2 weeks after intracerebral infection but was eventually cleared in most wild-type MRL mice. Unexpectedly, young as well as old IFN-␥-deficient MRL mice were completely susceptible to infection with BDV. Moreover, neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were severely damaged in most diseased IFN-␥-deficient mice but not in wild-type mice. Furthermore, large numbers of eosinophils were present in the inflamed brains of IFN-␥-deficient mice but not in those of wild-type mice, presumably because of increased intracerebral synthesis of interleukin-13 and the chemokines CCL1 and CCL11, which can attract eosinophils. These results demonstrate that IFN-␥ plays a central role in host resistance against infection of the central nervous system with BDV and in clearance of BDV from neurons. They further indicate that IFN-␥ may function as a neuroprotective factor that can limit the loss of neurons in the course of antiviral immune responses in the brain.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

CD8 T Cells Require Gamma Interferon To Clear Borna Disease Virus from the Brain and Prevent Immune System-Mediated Neuronal Damage

Hausmann¹,

Pagenstecher

Baur³

et al. 2005

J Virol

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“…Although the transmission route for viral infection of natural hosts has yet to be elucidated, virus entry through nasal secretions into the olfactory system seems to be very likely. 21,27 Within the brain, the virus spreads by intra-axonal transport and possibly via the cerebrospinal fluid 27 and along the optic nerve into the retina. 18 Viral nucleoprotein can be demonstrated in the retina after intracranial experimental infection in rats.…”

Section: Bd Is Endemic In Certain Areas Of Germanymentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Analysis of the Retina from Horses Infected with the Borna Disease Virus

et al. 2007

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Abstract. Borna disease (BD) is a fatal disorder of horses, often characterized by blindness. Although degeneration of retinal neurons has been demonstrated in a rat model, there are controversial data concerning whether a similar degeneration occurs in the retina of infected horses. To investigate whether BD may cause degeneration of photoreceptors and possibly of other neuronal cells at least at later stages of the disease, we performed a detailed quantitative morphologic study of retinal tissue from Borna-diseased horses. BD was diagnosed by detection of pathognomonic Joest-Degen inclusion bodies in the postmortem brains. Paraffin sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed retinae were used for histologic and immunohistochemical stainings. Numbers of neurons and Mü ller glial cells were counted, and neuron-to-Mü ller cell ratios were calculated. Among tissues from 9 horses with BD, we found retinae with strongly altered histologic appearance as well as retinae with only minor changes. The neuron-to-Mü ller cell ratio for the whole retina was significantly smaller in diseased animals (8.5 6 0.4; P , .01) as compared with controls (17.6 6 0.8). It can be concluded that BD in horses causes alterations of the retinal histology of a variable degree. The study provides new data about the pathogenesis of BD concerning the retina and demonstrates that a loss of photoreceptors may explain the observed blindness in infected horses.

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“…The first reports of Borna disease only concerned horses and sheep, but BDV infection has been found in other warm-blooded animal species, such as cattle [11,26], goats, rabbits [42], dogs [66], cats [2,39,47], and a wide variety of other species such as zoo animals: ostriches [40], deers, monkeys, alpacas, llamas [51,53], or wild animals such as lynx [17], foxes [16] and wild birds [4]. The experimental disease is possible for almost all of these species, including primates.…”

Section: Host Range and Geographic Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They develop a biphasic disease; the first phase is characterized by abnormal movements, aggressiveness and hyperactivity, comparable to the one described in horses. This hyperactive phase is followed by apathic behaviour and somnolence, sometimes associated with the obesity syndrome (5 to 10% of the rats), or fertility troubles [21,45,53]. The hyperactive phase corresponds to a massive CNS inflammation, completed by important neuronal destruction.…”

Section: Experimental Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borna disease: current knowledge and virus detection in France

Dauphin¹,

Legay

Pitel

et al. 2002

Vet. Res.

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-For over two centuries, Borna disease (BD) has been described as a sporadically occurring infectious meningoencephalomyelitis affecting horses and sheep in Central Europe. Over the last decade, the BD epidemiology has been discussed. Firstly, its geographical distribution seems larger than what was previously thought. Secondly, the disease can affect a large number of warm-blooded animal species, including humans. The aetiological agent is the Borna disease virus (BDV), an enveloped, nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA virus classified in the new virus family Bornaviridae (Mononegavirales order). It can induce severe clinical signs of encephalitis with striking behavioural disturbances and may cause death. BDV genome has recently been detected in France in the blood and brain of several animal species (horses, bovines, foxes). meningoencephalomyelitis / Borna disease virus / epidemiology / diagnosisRésumé -La maladie de Borna : connaissances actuelles et détection du virus en France. La maladie de Borna est connue depuis plus de deux siècles en Europe centrale comme une méningoencé-phalomyélite d'origine infectieuse affectant les chevaux et les moutons. Depuis ces dix dernières années, l'épidémiologie de la maladie a été révisée puisque la répartition géographique de la maladie de Borna s'avère plus large que rapportée jusqu'alors. En outre, elle peut affecter un grand nombre d'espèces animales à sang chaud, y compris l'homme. L'agent étiologique est le BDV (virus de la maladie de Borna), virus enveloppé, à ARN simple brin, non segmenté et de polarité négative, récem-ment classifié dans la nouvelle famille des Bornaviridae, (ordre des Mononegavirales). Le BDV peut induire des signes cliniques sévères d'encéphalite virale avec des troubles comportementaux importants et il peut entraîner la mort de l'animal. Récemment, le génome du BDV a été mis en évidence en France dans le sang et le cerveau de plusieurs espèces animales (chevaux, bovins, renards). méningoencéphalomyélite / virus de la maladie de Borna / épidémiologie / diagnostic 127

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Natural and Experimental Borna Disease in Animals

Cited by 209 publications

References 39 publications

CD8 T Cells Require Gamma Interferon To Clear Borna Disease Virus from the Brain and Prevent Immune System-Mediated Neuronal Damage

CD8 T Cells Require Gamma Interferon To Clear Borna Disease Virus from the Brain and Prevent Immune System-Mediated Neuronal Damage

Morphometric Analysis of the Retina from Horses Infected with the Borna Disease Virus

Borna disease: current knowledge and virus detection in France

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