Natural And Synthetic Rubber Fibres. Electron Microscope Studies.

Hall, C. E.

doi:10.1021/ie50415a008

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The morphological structures obtained from rubber vulcanized with sulfur are identical with those obtained from high-molecular-weight linear polymers which have not been subjected to vulcanization, such as natural rubber (6) or polyisobutylene (9). Therefore, it will not be possible to distinguish bet ween crosslinking brought about by actual chemical combination of sulfur and that due to secondary forces acting between the chains.…”

Section: Voxelvsionsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…A survey of the already rather extensive literature pertaining to penicillin ndicates that, at least so far, most of the work has been primarily concerned vith the determination of its chemical composition and its antibiotic properties 2, 3, 4, 5,6,12,13,14). Determinations of freezing-point depressions and liffusivity and conductivity measurements of aqueous solutions (9, 18) gave esults which correspond closely to those obtained ivhen studying solutions of imple electrolytes under the same conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ultramicroscopy by Incident Light of the Vulcanization of Rubber.

Hauser¹,

Beau²

1949

J. Phys. Chem.

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Section: Voxelvsionsmentioning

confidence: 87%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultramicroscopy by Incident Light of the Vulcanization of Rubber.

Hauser¹,

Beau²

1949

J. Phys. Chem.

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“…[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] However, little work has been done related to polymer-filler interaction through electron microscopy. [42,43] To observe the specimens under strain using scanning electron microscope (SEM), replication of the sample surface was usually adopted. [30,31] However, some important details can be lost when observing the replicas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on volume change and scanning electron microscope observation of carbon black‐filled natural rubber upon stretching

Zhang

Zheng²,

Zheng³

et al. 2022

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The volume of natural rubber vulcanizates varied slightly during stretching. Hydrostatic weighing method was adopted in this study to study the volume change. By measuring the volume change of natural rubber compounds filled with different grades and different loadings of carbon black during extension, the corresponding volume variation-elongation (ΔV/V-ε) curves were created, and the differences of ΔV/V-ε curves among different carbon black compounds were discussed. The stress differences between different samples were normalized and the ΔV/(Vσ)-ε curves were plotted. Scanning electron microscope was utilized to observe the emergence and variation process of cavities in various stretched states. X-ray diffraction was used to explore the change of crystallinity of the rubber after stretching to a certain elongation. Based on the experimental results, the damage at the filler-rubber matrix interface and within the fillers agglomerates would be discussed.

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“…[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] However, little work has been done to observe polymer-filler interactions via electron microscopy. [34][35] Regarding the latter, to observe the specimens under strain, replication of the sample surface was usually adopted. [28][29] However, some important details are often lost when observing replicas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silica masterbatches produced with liquid phase mixing Part IV. Volume variation and SEM observations upon stretching

Zhang

Zheng²,

Zheng³

et al. 2021

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The volume of vulcanizates changes slightly during stretching. Generally, dilatometry and hydrostatic weighing methods are used to measure volume change. Vacuole formation and polymer crystallization are the two main causes of the volume changes, and these are attributed to the separation of polymer from the filler surface and the alignment of polymer molecules, respectively. The relative volume change, ΔV/V, of four different vulcanizates based on a blend of SSBR (solution polymerized styrene‐butadiene rubber) and BR (cis‐polybutadiene rubber) has been plotted against elongation, ε. The relative volume change of an eco‐visco‐elastomer‐composite (EVEC) compound produced by a continuous liquid phase mixing process was much less than that of a dry‐mixed counterpart, especially after normalizing by stress, σ. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe the emergence of vacuoles during stretching, and obtain information on their relative size and distribution without the need for replication or ion sputter coating. SEM images also showed that the dispersion of silica in EVEC is better and the number of vacuoles is much less than in the dry‐mixed compounds, characterizing a “denser” vulcanizate.

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Natural And Synthetic Rubber Fibres. Electron Microscope Studies.

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Ultramicroscopy by Incident Light of the Vulcanization of Rubber.

Ultramicroscopy by Incident Light of the Vulcanization of Rubber.

Study on volume change and scanning electron microscope observation of carbon black‐filled natural rubber upon stretching

Silica masterbatches produced with liquid phase mixing Part IV. Volume variation and SEM observations upon stretching

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