Natural building stones of Mexico–Tenochtitlán: their use, weathering and rock properties at the Templo Mayor, Palace Heras Soto and the Metropolitan Cathedral

Wedekind, Wanja; Ruedrich, Joerg; Siegesmund, Siegfried

doi:10.1007/s12665-011-1075-z

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…4d). Altered crystals of plagioclase, hornblende, andesine, oligoclase, labradorite and augite are observable (Wedekind et al 2011). The glassy matrix could be partly recrystallised as indicated by XRD.…”

Section: Petrography and Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The Tenayoca´tetl Tuff is a greyish to red vulcanite with a characteristic porphyritic fabric (Wedekind et al 2011). The tuff has a basic chemical composition and exemplifies a welded ash tuff with a small portion of lapilli fragments.…”

Section: Petrography and Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Gris de los Remedios Tuff was described as a lapilli tuff with an andesitic chemical composition (Wedekind et al 2011). The colour of this well-welded tuff is grey to light grey.…”

Section: Petrography and Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Weathering often occurs in the base area of historical constructions erected of volcanic stones (Yavuz 2006;Wedekind et al 2011;Jáuregui et al 2012). One reason for deterioration is due to the decrease in strength upon wetting of the rock, described by Hirschwald (1908) as ''softening''.…”

Section: Softening Properties As a Function Of Moisture Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Weathering of volcanic tuff rocks caused by moisture expansion

et al. 2012

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Moisture expansion in natural building stones is considered one of the most important factors affecting their weathering and deterioration. The processes that may be responsible for the expansion under determinate relative humidity (hygric dilatation) and water-saturated conditions (hydric dilatation) are generally attributed to the presence of swellable clay minerals. In contrast to this assumption, our investigations show that moisture expansion also takes place in volcanic tuff building stones almost free from clay minerals. To provide a deeper understanding of the processes, swelling and deterioration were performed on 14 volcanic tuffs used as important building stones of different ages, compositions and weathering stages from Mexico, Germany and Hungary. The investigations undertaken include extensive chemical, petrophysical and fabric analyses. The samples show a wide range of effective porosity, microporosity, capillary water absorption, moisture expansion, and CEC values. High moisture expansion does not seem to depend on clay mineral content alone. We also observed that there is no significant effect on dilatation if clay minerals are present but only form a thin coat on the outer shell of bigger pores. Moreover, we identified a correlation between microporosity, average pore radius and moisture expansion. The investigations highlight the fact that moisture expansion cannot only be attributed to swellable clay minerals, and suggest that the presence and accumulation of micropores and their average radius and distribution play an important role for non-clay associated swelling intensity, which can most probably be attributed to the disjoining pressure.

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Section: Petrography and Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Petrography and Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Gris de los Remedios Tuff was described as a lapilli tuff with an andesitic chemical composition (Wedekind et al 2011). The colour of this well-welded tuff is grey to light grey.…”

Section: Petrography and Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Softening Properties As a Function Of Moisture Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Weathering of volcanic tuff rocks caused by moisture expansion

et al. 2012

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“…SO 2 is considered one of the main pollutants in the MCMA. However, erosion and deterioration of stone in the Valley of Mexico is affected by four main factors: the extreme pollution in the metropolitan area, the semi-arid subtropical climate, the specific hydrological situation, and frequent seismic activity (Wedekind et al, 2011). SO 2 is generated by burning fuels with sulfur, emitted by volcanoes and, to a lesser extent, produced by certain industrial processes such as smelting and petroleum refining.…”

Section: Air Pollution In the Mexico City Metropolitan Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping recession risk for cultural heritage stone in Mexico City due to dry and wet deposition of urban air pollutants

Castillo-Miranda

Torres-Jadón

García-Reynoso

et al. 2017

Atm

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La contaminación del aire representa una amenaza para el patrimonio cultural, ya que acelera el deterioro natural de monumentos, edificaciones, iglesias y vestigios arqueológicos cuyo valor es irremplazable. En la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México (ZMVM) hay 19 968 edificaciones registradas como monumentos arqueológicos, artísticos o históricos. Algunas de ellas están construidas con roca calcárea (piedra caliza o mármol); en muchas otras los materiales utilizados son andesita, tezontle y piedra volcánica. En este trabajo se analiza por primera vez la distribución espacial del riesgo potencial de deterioro de piedra calcárea en términos de erosión superficial, con relación al patrimonio cultural mexicano ubicado en la ZMVM para el año base 2007. Para estimar el riesgo se utilizó la función de daño de Lipfert, que sólo es aplicable a las piedras carbonatadas de baja y mediana porosidad, las cuales incluyen piedra caliza y marfil de densidad media a alta. El mármol blanco de Carrara tiene una densidad de 2.69 g cm -3 y una porosidad de 0.37%, en tanto que la piedra caliza tiene una densidad de 2.2-2.6 g cm -3 y una porosidad de 5-20%. En la piedra caliza de alta porosidad (baja densidad), la función sería aplicable con una subestimación potencial. En esta función, la tasa anual de erosión es a su vez una función de los promedios anuales de precipitación, pH, y deposición seca de SO 2 y HNO 3 . Se interpolaron en un sistema de información geográfica datos de varias redes de monitoreo meteorológico, la red de monitoreo de calidad del aire y deposición ácida de la ZMVM, y un modelo en 3D de la misma ZMVM, con el fin de obtener capas de mapa para estas variables. Estos mapas superpuestos se usaron para aplicar las funciones de Lipfert a coordenadas específicas de una pequeña muestra de monumentos artísticos o históricos relevantes. La complejidad de los gradientes de clima, patrones de vientos y distribución de emisiones dentro de la megalópolis mexicana inducen gradientes de hasta 50% en las tasas de erosión estimadas con la función de Lipfert en sitios cercanos en los cuales se utilizaron los mismos materiales de construcción. La Comisión Ambiental de la Megalópolis divide la ZMVM en cinco sectores. En 1990, las diferencias en las tasas de erosión entre dichas zonas eran tan amplias como las existentes entre los valores estimados para Oviedo, París y Praga en Europa durante el periodo 1980-2000. Las tasas de erosión disminuyeron alrededor de 50% de 1997 a 2007 (el año base para este informe) gracias al éxito de las acciones de control de la contaminación del aire enfocadas a la protección de la salud pública. No obstante, aún se esperan altos gradientes de erosión para las piedras carbonatadas dentro de la ZMVM. Los valores de erosión reportados en este trabajo deben tomarse como estimaciones conservadores debido al desempeño aún imperfecto de los modelos 3D de calidad del aire en la meteorología urbana, así como al alto grado de incertidumbre en la modelación de inventarios de emisiones. En este sentido, el má...

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Engineering geological properties of the pyroclastic cone-shaped rocky houses of Kandovan, Iran

Asghari-Kaljahi

Birami

2014

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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Kandovan is one of the geo-tourism attractions in the East Azarbaijan Province of Iran, where rural houses were carved within the cone-shaped pyroclastic rocks several hundred years ago. The present paper mainly discusses the effects of climate condition and engineering geology properties on the destruction of these cone-shaped rocky houses. The annual averages of wetting-drying and freezing-thawing cycles are 28 and 14 times, respectively. The greatest impact of these cycles is found to be on physical weathering, which has low resistance to weathering and erosion. Such a low resistance is because of the components of Kandovan rock mass that are largely plagioclase and pumice fragments with low resistance, low welding and sorting, high sphericity, and rounding. Although the weathering and erosion along the existing discontinuities and joints is the most important causative agent of cone-shaped forms, there is a possibility of further damage of the houses due to continuous weathering and erosion potential processes. High porosity, high water absorption, high sensitivity to expansion, contraction by freezing-thawing and wetting-drying cycles; and low strength of Kandovan pyroclastic rocks lead to weathering and disintegration due to environmental impacts. The correlation of physical and mechanical properties of Kandovan pyroclastic rocks and Cappadocian tuffs has shown that the unit weights of rocks are low for both of them. The total porosity of Kandovan rocks is greater than for Cappadocian rocks, while water absorption percent is greater for Cappadocian rocks than for Kandovan rocks.The strength of Kandovan rocks is generally greater than that of Cappadocian rocks.

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Natural building stones of Mexico–Tenochtitlán: their use, weathering and rock properties at the Templo Mayor, Palace Heras Soto and the Metropolitan Cathedral

Cited by 28 publications

References 8 publications

Weathering of volcanic tuff rocks caused by moisture expansion

Weathering of volcanic tuff rocks caused by moisture expansion

Mapping recession risk for cultural heritage stone in Mexico City due to dry and wet deposition of urban air pollutants

Engineering geological properties of the pyroclastic cone-shaped rocky houses of Kandovan, Iran

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