Natural Compounds Rosmarinic Acid and Carvacrol Counteract Aluminium-Induced Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Aluminum accumulation, glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations as well as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined in erythrocytes and brain and liver homogenates of BALB/c mice treated with Al 3+ (7.5 mg/kg/day (0.15 LD 50 ) as AlCl 3 (37.08 mg/kg/day), whereas HCl (30.41 mg/kg/day) was used as Cl − control, the treatments were performed for 21 days, i.p., in the presence and absence of rosmarinic acid (0.2805 mg/kg/day (0.05 LD 50 ), 21 days, i.g.) or carvacrol (0.0405 mg/kg/day (0.05 LD 50 ), 21 days, i.g.). The treatment with AlCl 3 increased GSH concentration in erythrocytes only slightly and had no effect on brain and liver homogenates. Rosmarinic acid and carvacrol strongly increased GSH concentration in erythrocytes but decreased it in brain and liver homogenates. However, AlCl 3 treatment led to Al accumulation in mice blood, brain, and liver and induced oxidative stress, assessed based on MDA concentration in the brain and liver. Both rosmarinic acid and carvacrol were able to counteract the negative Al effect by decreasing its accumulation and protecting tissues from lipid peroxidation. AlCl 3 treatment increased CAT activity in mice brain and liver homogenates, whereas the administration of either rosmarinic acid or carvacrol alone or in combination with AlCl 3 had no significant effect on CAT activity. SOD activity remained unchanged after all the treatments in our study. We propose that natural herbal phenolic compounds rosmarinic acid and carvacrol could be used to protect brain and liver against aluminum induced oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation.

Preclinical and Clinical Antioxidant Effects of Natural Compounds against Oxidative Stress-Induced Epigenetic Instability in Tumor Cells

“…E) in diabetic rats [101]. This result was confirmed by Baranauskaite et al [97] and Thingore et al [106], which proved a decrease in MDA concentration and an increase in SOD and CAT activities after treatment with rosmarinic acid. On the other hand, the study of Dianat and their colleagues demonstrated that vanillic acid reduced the malondialdehyde content, as well as elevated SOD, CAT, and GPx activities on ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative stress in isolated rat hearts [99].…”

“…Numerous reports have evaluated the antioxidant activities of phenolic acids (Table 2) [97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108]. In a study reported by Tolba et al [107], caffeic acid showed a potential antioxidant activity by enhancing glutathione peroxidase content and SOD activity and significantly decreasing femur bone MDA in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in vivo.…”

The Effects of Cannabis sativa L. Extract on Oxidative Stress Markers In Vivo

“…Elevated MDA levels and decreased CAT activity in AlCl 3 -treated rats were also found in a study by Bouasla et al [ 37 ], suggesting that these changes may be related to peroxidative damage to biological membranes caused by increased reactive Fe 2+ levels and the inactivation of enzymes involved in antioxidant defense [ 37 ]. Our previous study proved the antioxidant activity of the Cannabis sativa L. extract in vitro, which was related to the total amount of polyphenols [ 21 ] due to their ability to chelate metal ions and scavenge reactive oxygen species [ 27 ]. The present study showed the ability of this extract to stimulate the antioxidant defense system in vivo.…”

“…The preparation of brain and liver homogenates was evaluated according to the procedure described by Baranauskaite et al [ 21 ]. Following cervical dislocation, the animal brain and liver were removed, washed, and immediately cooled on ice.…”

“…GSH concentration in blood was evaluated according to the procedure described by Baranauskaite et.al [ 21 ]. During the evaluation, 200 µL of erythrocytes were mixed with 1.8 mL of deionized water and 2 mL of 0.6 M HClO 4 .…”