Natural deep eutectic solvents efficient catalytic conversion of cellulose to total reducing sugars (TRS)

Acid Leaching Vermiculite: A Multi-Functional Solid Catalyst with a Strongly Electrostatic Field and Brönsted Acid for Depolymerization of Cellulose in Water

“…According to our previous work, the parameters were selected and the results are shown in Figure 5 . From Figure 5 , the optimal reaction time and reaction temperature was 3.5 h and 478 K. This might mean that by-products were easily formed over 3.5 h, and cellulose or reducing sugars were gradually carbonized above 478 K [ 2 , 6 , 9 ]. As the catalyst/cellulose mass ratio was up to 0.18, and a water/cellulose mass ratio was 16, the highest TRS yield was obtained.…”

“…Since the wide utilization of fossil resources has caused the global energy crisis and environmental pollution, the development of renewable resources is the alternative way to produce fuels and value-added chemicals [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Cellulose is the cheap, easily available, large reserve and non-edible lignocellulosic biomass in nature, and the catalytic conversion of biomass to produce liquid transportation fuels and fine chemicals is a promising route to decrease the environmental pollution and CO 2 emissions caused by fossil fuel [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

“…Cellulose is a linear long-chain polymer formed by D-glucopyranose units connected by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds [ 8 ]. One of the vital challenges in biomass conversion is the saccharification of cellulose into reducing sugars (RS, mainly glucose), which are water-soluble sugars and platform molecules that can be effectively converted into various chemical substances and fuels [ 2 , 6 ]. However, the intra- and inter-chain hydrogen bonds among cellulose make a high crystallinity structure, which is difficult for breaking the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages under mild conditions.…”

History repeats itself again: Will the mistakes of the past for ILs be repeated for DESs? From being considered ionic liquids to becoming their alternative: the unbalanced turn of deep eutectic solvents

“…Not surprisingly, most of the applications of DES in cellulose technology are related to those areas where actual dissolution is not required. [262][263][264][265] Prominent among these is the preparation of cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC) 255,[266][267][268][269] and cellulose nanofiber (CNF), 256,[270][271][272] where the lower cost of DESs compared with ILs plays in their favour.…”

Solvent Effects Enable Efficient Tandem Conversion of Cellulose and Its Monosaccharides Towards 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural

“…Mechanical forces have been employed by many researchers to assist in the cellulose decrystallization prior to further treatments, [24] which essentially weakens the rigid structure of cellulose via physical action. [25] However, this method is highly energy intensive, and therefore solvents are often applied to destroy the crystalline structure of cellulose, [26] thus making it more susceptible to liquidization in the reaction system [27] in order to accelerate the depolymerization rates.…”