Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) as an emerging technology for the valorisation of natural products and agro‐food residues: a review

Abstract

SummaryA review paper on the natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) application to the extraction of bioactives from natural products and agri‐food wastes is introduced. NaDES are eutectic mixtures of two or more natural compounds forming a liquid phase at room temperature based in hydrogen bond acceptors (quaternary amines, alcohols) and hydrogen bond donors (sugars, organic acids). NADES have unique properties such as low toxicity, biodegradability, and high solubility for a wide range of compounds. They represent a sustainable alternative to traditional organic solvents in a variety of applications, particularly metabolites extraction. Therefore, the status of NaDES is displayed in terms of their inspiration in nature, their preparation, and physicochemical properties, as well the extraction conditions for biologically important phytochemicals such as alkaloids, carotenoids, and phenolics (anthocyanins, isoflavonoids, curcuminoids). Remarks on emerging technologies as well on therapeutic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic NaDES systems are inserted. As NaDES can be easily prepared from natural and renewable sources, they are a promising green alternative in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries.

In situ NADES microwave‐mediated extraction of bioactive compounds from Beta vulgaris L. var. rubra waste

“…From an extractive point of view, avoiding unfriendly solvents, sparing energy, sources, and recycling waste have become primary objectives in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields, according to the green extraction principles (Chemat et al ., 2012) and circular economy philosophy (Jamaludin et al ., 2022). For this reason, the exploitation of agri‐food waste as a renewable resource is attracting increasing attention; the agri‐food sector produces large amounts of organic residues, often highly polluting and expensive to dispose of, but often rich in bioactive ingredients, particularly interesting for health purposes (Boggia et al ., 2016; Makris & Şahin, 2019; González‐Laredo et al ., 2023).…”

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Spilanthol from Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K.Jansen

“…Recent studies suggest that choline chloride-based NADES inhibit collagenase and elastase, and can be applied in stable cosmetic formulations, therefore showing potential for their application in the cosmetics industry [27]. In accordance with these properties and the growing focus on green extraction, non-toxic solvents, low-cost materials, and easy methodologies, the extraction of natural products with different NADES has become an ever-expanding field of research that has already been reviewed in detail [28][29][30]. However, the use of NADES for the extraction of spilanthol from A. oleracea has not been investigated.…”