“…This study contributes to the existing literature in several ways. The existing literature on growth encompasses emerging economies (Kharusi & Mbah, 2018), middle-income countries (Benali et al, 2018), lower-middleincome economics (Akhanolu et al, 2018), low-middle-income economies (Moore & Thomas, 2010), developed economies (Mencinger et al, 2015), developing economies (Karadam, 2018), industrial economies (Karadam, 2018) and mixed economies (Intartaglia et al, 2018). This study contributes to the existing literature by focusing on UMIE, which is rarely focused upon by previous researchers.…”