Natural enemies of herbivores maintain their biological control potential under short‐term exposure to future CO₂, temperature, and precipitation patterns

Abstract

Climate change entails increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, rising temperatures, and shifts in precipitation patterns (IPCC, 2014). These changes will profoundly alter individual species' physiologies and ecology, interaction networks, community composition, and (agro)ecosystem functioning (Abdala-Roberts et al.,

Water availability and plant–herbivore interactions

“…Recent findings suggest that drought-stressed plants are usually less attractive to natural enemies of herbivores and have been associated with a reduced natural enemy community in some systems (Doan et al, 2021;Guyer et al, 2018;Guyer et al, 2021;Kansman et al, 2021;Lin et al, 2021a;Trotter et al, 2008). Based on the above observations, we speculate that the temporal and spatial variations of water availability in the agroecosystem might influence the effectiveness of biological controls on pest herbivores.…”

“…The increase in CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere can lead to a beneficial effect on plant growth, known as CO 2 fertilization (Wang et al, 2020), which can sometimes ameliorate the negative impact of water deficit on plants (Domec et al, 2017;Medina et al, 2016) and lead to increase soil water availability (Morgan et al, 2001). CO 2 fertilization can negate the effect of water deficit in enhancing plant defenses (Casteel et al, 2012), which influences herbivores positively (Rosenblatt et al, 2017) or have minimal impacts on water-plant-herbivore interactions (Guyer et al, 2021;Xing et al, 2003). For mites that usually benefit from plants under water deficit, CO 2 fertilization further increases mite performance (Sinaie et al, 2019).…”

“…For mites that usually benefit from plants under water deficit, CO 2 fertilization further increases mite performance (Sinaie et al, 2019). CO 2 fertilization and water deficit have also been found to decrease the survival of some natural enemies (e.g., entomopathogenic nematodes) under elevated temperatures but do not affect other natural enemies in short-term assays (Doan et al, 2021).…”

“…Especially regarding how an increase in primary metabolites (e.g., proteins, amino acids, other nutrients) influence plantherbivore interactions (for a detailed review, see (Huberty and Denno, 2004;White, 2009)). While much evidence exists in support of each hypothesis, it is now known that the outcomes of plantherbivore interactions (e.g., changes in performance, fitness, and population) under stress are usually dependent on factors such as species combination (of plants and herbivores), plant habit, stress severity, herbivore feeding guild, and multitrophic interactions (Gely et al, 2020;Guyer et al, 2018;Guyer et al, 2021;Hamann et al, 2020;Huberty and Denno, 2004;Jamieson et al, 2012;Nguyen et al, 2016b;Waring and Cobb, 1992).…”

Isolation and Structure Determination of Drought-Induced Multihexose Benzoxazinoids from Maize (Zea mays)

“…Ambient and drought conditions were then maintained by weighing the pots and adding the required amounts of water daily. The drought moisture conditions were determined based on the projected RCP8.5 climate scenario, using a correlation between decrease precipitation levels and soil moisture levels as in refs − . A 16.6% v/v moisture led to moderate drought symptoms in maize plants.…”