Natural evolution of late whiplash syndrome outside the medicolegal context

Schrader, Harald; Obelienienė, Diana; Bovim, Gunnar; Šurkienė, Danguolė; Mickevičienė, Dalia; Misevičienė, Irena; Sand, Trond

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90733-3

Cited by 386 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Recently, it has been shown that the media may affect the number of diagnosed cases of neck sprain due to car accidents. Schrader et al [34] found that diagnosed cases of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) and their long-term consequences were less extensive in newly independent Lithuania than in western countries. No other significant differences were found between the Lithuanian 203 victims of rear end collisions and a control group (same complaints in sex-matched and age-matched group) in headache, neck and lower back pain, cognitive dysfunction and psychological disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neck sprain not arising from car accidents: a retrospective study covering 25 years

Versteegen

Kingma²,

Meijler

et al. 1998

E Spine J

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IntroductionNeck sprain has usually been associated with car accidents. Widespread attention has been paid to neck sprain because of the enormous increase in the whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) due to car accidents, especially over the last decades [1,6,9,19,34,41]. However, neck sprain is not only caused by car accidents.The diagnostic rubric "sprains and strains of the neck" from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 CM) from the World Health Organization is used by the majority of hospital-based trauma registries. Whiplash is a component of this diagnostic rubric and, according to Penning [26], the primary mechanism of whiplash trauma is a hypertranslation of the head. In contrast to the enormous bulk of whiplash literature, as far as we know, only a few studies have focused on neck sprain. Going back to 1970, we retrieved 19 studies from Medline [21] about neck sprain, of which 9 were about neck sprain due to car accidents [3,7,11,13,14,32,38,40,42] and 3 were about neck sprain due to sports injuries [5,18,35]. The remaining seven studies, in which the aetiology is unclear, describe treatment and research methods [4,12,15,20,23,37,39]. Research results from 1970 were based on data from hospital registries in which no distinction was made between inpatients and outpatients. As far as we know there are no studies analysing trends in neck sprain Abstract During the 25-year period 1970-1994, 680 patients were diagnosed with neck sprain due to causes other than car accidents at the Emergency Room of the University Hospital Groningen. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the prevalence, groups at risk and trends in patients with neck sprain. We defined the population as patients diagnosed with neck sprain that was not due to a car accident (NCA). The binominal test was used to obtain measures of statistical significance, ∆ x was used to obtain both the total increase in the number of neck sprain victims over the whole period and the relative contribution of successive 5-year periods. Over the 25-year period a steady increase in the number of patients was observed from 55 in 1970-1974 to 241 in 1990-1994. The highest

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Widespread attention has been paid to neck sprain because of the enormous increase in the whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) due to car accidents, especially over the last decades [1,6,9,19,34,41]. However, neck sprain is not only caused by car accidents.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neck sprain not arising from car accidents: a retrospective study covering 25 years

Versteegen

Kingma²,

Meijler

et al. 1998

E Spine J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many attempts have been made to prove that chronic WAD very seldom results from car crashes, the most notorious perhaps being a study from Lithuania, published in The Lancet by Schrader et al [44]. That study received justifi ed criticism by several scientists [45].…”

Section: Men (N=271)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence of chronic neck pain (defi ned as neck pain more than seven days per month) was 8.4 %, one to three years after car collisions according to the Lithuanian study [44]. The incidence of chronic neck pain for the controls was 6.9 %.…”

Section: Example 3: the Lithuanian Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

WAD – Criteria for Evaluation of Causality

Bunketorp¹

2017

Open J Trauma

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“…Whiplash trauma and its importance in headache is an unsolved issue. Although it has traditionally been considered as a possible source of head pain 215 , existing data doubt this aethiological factor 1,34 .…”

Section: Clinical Picturementioning

confidence: 99%

Cervicogenic headache: Josey's cases revisited

Vincent

Luna

1997

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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-Before Sjaastad coined the term cervicogenic headache (CH) 15 years ago, neck-related headaches have been considered by different authors for many years. Even after the publication of diagnostic criteria, dispute on the clinical picture, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of CH still persists. A paper published in 1949 by Josey reports on 6 "illustrative" cases of cervical-related headaches. Indeed, looked from a more recent perspective, those cases could eventually correspond to CH. Important topics such as the relatively high frequency, fixed unilaterality of the pain, relation to previous trauma, irradiation from the back to the forehead, normal or slightly abnormal roentgenograms, and the mechanical precipitation of attacks are some of the topics considered by Josey. The female gender was not prevalent in Josey's series. Traction and analgesics were basically the recommended treatment. CH is probably a common disorder, an idea already considered by a clinician in 1949. This syndrome was not adequately described before Sjaastad's group papers in the 80's.KEY WORDS: cervicogenic headache, differential diagnosis. Cefaléia cervicogênica: revisão dos casos de JoseyRESUMO -Muitos autores escreveram sobre cefaléias relacionadas ao pescoço antes da descrição da cefaléia cervicogênica (CH) por Sjaastad e col. Mesmo após a publicação de critérios diagnósticos, há controvérsias em relação ao quadro clínico, diagnóstico diferencial, fisiopatologia e tratamento da CH. Um artigo publicado em 1949 por Josey relata 6 casos "ilustrativos" de cefaléia relacionada ao pescoço, cujo quadro pode corresponder ao que hoje consideramos ser CH. Aspectos importantes como sua frequência relativamente elevada, unilateralidade fixa, relação a traumas prévios, irradiação póstero-anterior, normalidade de exames radiológicos e os mecanismos de precipitação foram considerados por Josey. O sexo feminino não foi predominante na sua casuística. Tração e analgésicos foram os tratamentos recomendados. CH é provavelmente uma desordem comum, o que já havia sido considerado neste estudo de 1949. A síndrome, entretanto, não foi completa e adequadamente descrita antes de Sjaastad. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: cefaléia cervicogênica, diagnóstico diferencial.By discribing cervicogenic headache (CH), Sjaastad and co-authors renovated the discussion on neck-generated headaches, which they believe are a well-defined reaction pattern 38,41 . Cornerstone features according to these authors are strict unilateral pain that typically starts at the occipitalnuchal area and spreads to the ipsilateral forehead, and attack induction by neck movements and/or digital pressure over trigger points such as the greater occipital nerve (GON) or the C2 area. Additionally, there may be diffuse, vague ipsilateral arm pain or discomfort. Females tend to be more affected than males, and a trauma may precede the onset of the symptoms.

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Natural evolution of late whiplash syndrome outside the medicolegal context

Cited by 386 publications

References 25 publications

Neck sprain not arising from car accidents: a retrospective study covering 25 years

Neck sprain not arising from car accidents: a retrospective study covering 25 years

WAD – Criteria for Evaluation of Causality

Cervicogenic headache: Josey's cases revisited

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