Natural gaze signaling in a social context

Wu, David W.–L.; Bischof, Walter F.; Kingstone, Alan

doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.01.005

Cited by 43 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Some studies suggest that a direct gaze generates compliant and submissive behavior in the target (Baillon, Selim, & Van Dolder, ; Bateson, Nettle, & Roberts, ; Ernest‐Jones, Nettle, & Bateson, ; Nettle et al, ). Taken together, this research suggests that gazing plays a central role in social interactions through its association with competition, which is not surprising considering that, in general, gazing can be conceived as a powerful tool to regulate social interactions (Wu, Bischof, & Kingstone, ).…”

Section: Eye Gaze and Competitive Behaviorsupporting

confidence: 57%

The evil eye: Eye gaze and competitiveness in social decision making

Giacomantonio

Jordan

Federico

et al. 2017

Euro J Social Psych

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We demonstrate that a person's eye gaze and his/her competitiveness are closely intertwined in social decision making. In an exploratory examination of this relationship, Study 1 uses field data from a high‐stakes TV game show to demonstrate that the frequency by which contestants gaze at their opponent's eyes predicts their defection in a variant on the prisoner's dilemma. Studies 2 and 3 use experiments to examine the underlying causality and demonstrate that the relationship between gazing and competitive behavior is bi‐directional. In Study 2, fixation on the eyes, compared to the face, increases competitive behavior toward the target in an ultimatum game. In Study 3, we manipulate the framing of a negotiation (cooperative vs. competitive) and use an eye tracker to measure fixation number and time spent fixating on the counterpart's eyes. We find that a competitive negotiation elicits more gazing, which in turn leads to more competitive behavior.

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Section: Eye Gaze and Competitive Behaviorsupporting

confidence: 57%

The evil eye: Eye gaze and competitiveness in social decision making

Giacomantonio

Jordan

Federico

et al. 2017

Euro J Social Psych

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“…In other words, teachers' gaze towards students in the classroom is likely to send communing signals to students and teachers' communicative gaze towards their students functions more in terms of social affiliation, more associated with friendliness, rather than messages of threat and dominance. Suggestions that teacher gaze towards students is linked with dominance, threat and aggression (e.g., Ellsworth 1975;Giacomantonio et al 2018;Kleinke 1986) should therefore be tempered with considerations of the context in which eye contact occurs (Wu et al 2014). Moreover, it appears that teachers capitalise on the natural pedagogy (Csibra and Gergely 2009) and the universal impact of direct gaze , as they invite and encourage students to receive information by signalling communicative intent (Csibra 2010) via their communicative gaze.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking to relate: teacher gaze and culture in student-rated teacher interpersonal behaviour

2020

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Mobile eye-tracking was used to investigate the link between teacher gaze and student-rated teacher interpersonal behaviour. Teacher gaze was recorded for 10 min during a teacher-centred part of a naturally occurring lesson. The Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction was then administered to assess how UK students evaluated their teacher interpersonally in that lesson. Teachers conveyed greater dominance (or interpersonal agency) through increasing eye contact while asking questions ('attentional gaze'). Teachers conveyed more interpersonal friendliness (or communion) through increasing eye contact while lecturing ('communicative gaze'). Culture did not affect the way gaze was associated with students' interpersonal perceptions.Looking to relate: teacher gaze and culture in student-rated…

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“…Efforts have been made in recent years to study people's gaze behavior during face-to-face interaction. However, such studies have focused on examining mutual gaze based on either filming how two people interact (Jarick and Kingstone 2015;Wu et al 2014) or examining the eye positions from only the tested subject (Falck-Ytter 2015; Foulsham et al 2011;Freeth et al 2013;Gallup et al 2012;Laidlaw et al 2011), thus underemphasizing the interactive component of social gaze. In our study, we quantified the gaze dynamics upon mutual eye contact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Live interaction distinctively shapes social gaze dynamics in rhesus macaques

Monte

Piva

Morris

et al. 2016

Journal of Neurophysiology

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The dynamic interaction of gaze between individuals is a hallmark of social cognition. However, very few studies have examined social gaze dynamics after mutual eye contact during real-time interactions. We used a highly quantifiable paradigm to assess social gaze dynamics between pairs of monkeys and modeled these dynamics using an exponential decay function to investigate sustained attention after mutual eye contact. When monkeys were interacting with real partners compared with static images and movies of the same monkeys, we found a significant increase in the proportion of fixations to the eyes and a smaller dispersion of fixations around the eyes, indicating enhanced focal attention to the eye region. Notably, dominance and familiarity between the interacting pairs induced separable components of gaze dynamics that were unique to live interactions. Gaze dynamics of dominant monkeys after mutual eye contact were associated with a greater number of fixations to the eyes, whereas those of familiar pairs were associated with a faster rate of decrease in this eye-directed attention. Our findings endorse the notion that certain key aspects of social cognition are only captured during interactive social contexts and dependent on the elapsed time relative to socially meaningful events.

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Natural gaze signaling in a social context

Cited by 43 publications

References 47 publications

The evil eye: Eye gaze and competitiveness in social decision making

The evil eye: Eye gaze and competitiveness in social decision making

Looking to relate: teacher gaze and culture in student-rated teacher interpersonal behaviour

Live interaction distinctively shapes social gaze dynamics in rhesus macaques

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