Natural history method in psychotherapy: communicational research

Scheflen, Albert E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6045-2_20

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The first two of these interactions can be viewed with respect to the concept of congruence (Condon & Ogston, 1967;Scheflen, 1966). Head nodding, open arm positions, and leaning forward by themselves were regarded as positive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicians' H]ead and Body Positions as Determinants of Perceived Rapport

Harrigan¹,

Rosenthal

1983

J Applied Social Pyschol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The relationship between physicians' b]ody movement and judgments of rapport was examined in this study. One‐hundred eighteen observers rated physicians' b]ehavior on 14 bipolar scales assessing dimensions of empathy. Physicians' n]onverbal behavior was manipulated so that there were three levels of trunk angle (forward, straight, backward), two levels of arm position (open, folded), two levels of leg position (open, crossed), and two levels of head attitude (nodding, not‐nodding). Significant effects were found for trunk angle, head attitude, and arm posture; physicians who leaned forward with open arm positions and nodded their head were judged more positively. Discussion focuses on the reinforcing valuc of nodding, judges' p]erceptions of physicians' a]ccessibility conveyed by trunk and arm postures, and expressions of dominance in physician‐patient encounters.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicians' H]ead and Body Positions as Determinants of Perceived Rapport

Harrigan¹,

Rosenthal

1983

J Applied Social Pyschol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Whereas this remains mostly implicit in our daily experience, we need here to explain the criteria by which we detect and define these relations for theoretical and methodological purposes. The body of research on communication may be considered an attempt at such a categorization, from the “natural history of an interview” (38) and context theory (45), to the numerous attempts to document the double bind (3, 40) and disturbances of communication (47, 48). The fact that this goal has not yet been achieved is not surprising in view of the scope and complexity of the issues it raises, such as the nature of contexts (predetermined or created, preformed or learned) or the compatibility between the hierarchy versus the totality perspectives (9, 30, 35).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Documenting a Time‐Bound, Circular View of Hierarchies: A Microanalysis of Parent‐Infant Dyadic Interaction

Fivaz-Depeursinge

1991

Family Process

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article presents a new theory that separates the levels of communication and relates them circularly, namely, by separating time from space/meaning variables. Documenting this proposition requires sequential microdescriptions--a far-out project in the field of family therapy. In an extensive study of clinical and nonclinical families, starting with available microanalytic data on nonverbal parent-infant dialogue, distinct time organizations have been found to modify the degree of circularity between the levels of interaction according to the observed types of engagement, that is, consensual, conflictual, and paradoxical. The double description of the dyad as a totality versus the dyad as a framing/developing organization imparts crucial information on how development proceeds in dyadic, co-evolutive systems, and presumably in larger ones too. In this perspective, a model is elaborated and then applied to a case description in our therapeutic consultation.

show abstract

“…And the fact that there is considerable duplication of information with respect to the amount of anxiety conveyed in verbal and vocal avenues of communication has probably been of survival value in early man. Other investigators, such as Scheflen (1964Scheflen ( , 1966, have emphasized how yet another communication channel, kinesics (which includes posture and gesture), may not necessarily reinforce or be in concordance with the information communicated by other channels of communication, such as the lexical or paralanguage channels, and in fact in some individuals may be contradictory. Such findings do not detract from the predominance of the redundancy aspect in verbal communication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the magnitude of anxiety from speech

Gottschalk

Frank

1967

Syst. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The main purpose of this investigation was to determine how much, if any, information is lost towards estimating the amount of anxiety in speech by using only content or lexical variables in speech as compared with the measures of anxiety obtained when vocal properties as well as content variables are employed. A set of twelve free‐associative five‐minute tape recordings of speech produced by twelve different people were rated with respect to the magnitude of the anxiety by 16 judges (11 psychiatrists and 5 psychologists) following the anxiety rating scale of the Overall and Gorham Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. The judges first rated the typescripts of the verbal samples and one month later the judges again estimated the magnitude of the anxiety in these speech samples by listening to the tape recordings of the verbal samples while reading the typescripts. Since the problem of quantitative assessment of anxiety involves, necessarily, the problem of validity of the construct being measured, and validity in turn depends in part on reliability of measurement, reliability of ratings of anxiety was calculated. Raters were less able to differentiate the verbal samples, differed considerably more in their average ratings, and had greater error variance when using the typescripts alone than when using typescript plus sound recording. The product‐moment correlation between these two sets of anxiety scores, calculated from the covariance and variance of the sums of the ratings over the 16 judges, was 0.846. Correcting this correlation for attenuation, due to the imperfect reliabilities of the separate anxiety ratings under the two conditions, gave an estimated correlation of 0.913. Consequently, 16.6 percent of a universe of anxiety scores derived from typescripts plus sound recordings would not be predictable from anxiety scores derived from typescripts alone. Product‐moment correlations were also obtained between anxiety scores derived from a content analysis method applied to only the typescripts of the five‐minute verbal samples (the Gottschalk‐Gleser method) and the two sets of anxiety ratings of the verbal samples obtained by the Overall‐Gorham scale. These correlations were as follows: (1) anxiety rating by Overall‐Gorham scale, using typescript plus sound recording, and Gottschalk‐Gleser anxiety scores = 0.86; (2) anxiety rating by Overall‐Gorham scale, using typescript alone, and Gottschalk‐Gleser anxiety scores = 0.78. These findings indicate that there is negligible information lost with respect to assessing anxiety, when using either the Overall‐Gorham or Gottschalk‐Gleser anxiety scales, if typescripts alone are used or typescripts plus sound recordings are used. Moreover, the findings tend to support a theory of the redundancy of lexical and vocal factors rather than an additive theory in the expression and communication of the intensity of affects in speech.

show abstract

Natural history method in psychotherapy: communicational research

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

Physicians' H]ead and Body Positions as Determinants of Perceived Rapport

Physicians' H]ead and Body Positions as Determinants of Perceived Rapport

Documenting a Time‐Bound, Circular View of Hierarchies: A Microanalysis of Parent‐Infant Dyadic Interaction

Estimating the magnitude of anxiety from speech

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About