Natural History of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in Northeastern Brazil: Long-Term Follow-Up

Jerônimo, Selma M. B.; Teixeira, Maria Jânia; Sousa, Anastácio de Queiroz; Thielking, Paul; Pearson, Richard D.; Evans, Thomas G.

doi:10.1086/313697

Cited by 81 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Jerónimo and others reported a concomitant decrease in human pediatric cases of VL and of infected dogs in Brotas, Ceará from 1987 to 1997 in an area subjected to FNS canine control. 55 In another study in the endemic area of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, a reduction of 79.3% in canine prevalence was observed after five years of systematic serologic control, dog elimination, and insecticide vector control (Genaro O and others, unpublished data). The human cases were also drastically decreased in the urban area (from 44 to 3), indicating that epi-demiologic surveillance should be systematically applied to obtain effective control in endemic areas.…”

Section: Dog Control Versus Vector Control In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 94%

Impact of canine control on the epidemiology of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.

Palatnik-de-Sousa

Santos²,

França-Silva³

et al. 2001

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

138

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Abstract. Brazil is the only country endemic for zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) that regularly conducts epidemiologic and prophylactic control programs that involve the treatment of human cases, insect vector control, and the removal of seropositive infected dogs. This report reviews 60 studies reporting data on the efficacy of these recommended control tools and concludes that in Brazil 1) eradication of the disease in Minas Gerais was achieved by the concomitant use of the three control methods, 2) although seropositivity by an immunofluorescent assay is not completely related to infectiousness, the removal of seropositive dogs leads to a significant reduction of canine and human incidence, 3) improvement of the sensitivity of the diagnostic tool used for canine control should optimize the efficacy of control, and 4) although difficult and expensive, the public health dog control campaigns performed in Brazil reduced the incidence of ZVL and should be maintained since treatment of dogs is an unrealistic intervention, both because of its prohibitive cost and relatively poor effectiveness.

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Section: Dog Control Versus Vector Control In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 94%

Impact of canine control on the epidemiology of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.

Palatnik-de-Sousa

Santos²,

França-Silva³

et al. 2001

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

138

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several tests have been used to estimate the frequency of subclinical infection in these areas, with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using promastigote antigen being the most cited method. [9][10][11] Burns and others, 12 standardizing recombinant antigen rK39, suggested that ELISA using rK39 may serve as a tool for the diagnosis of asymptomatic cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antileishmania Immunological Tests for Asymptomatic Subjects Living in a Visceral Leishmaniasis-Endemic Area in Brazil

Silva

Romero²,

Nascentes³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of different tests used for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in asymptomatic subjects living in an endemic area. No gold standard is available for the diagnosis of asymptomatic infection with Leishmania . In continuation of a previous study, 1,017 subjects living in a VL-endemic area were clinically reevaluated. Of these, 576 had at least one positive serological test in a first assessment. About 3 years after the first evaluation, none of the subjects had progressed to clinical VL. Among this group, 246 subjects were selected, and five serological tests (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay p [ELISAp], ELISArK39, ELISArK26, indirect immunofluorescence test [IIFT] using L. amazonensis promastigote antigen, and an immunochromatographic test using rK39 antigen [TRALd]) and the Montenegro skin test (MST) were repeated. There was a significant increase in the number of subjects who tested positive in the MST, IIFT, ELISAp, and ELISArK39 in the second evaluation. For all tests, there were subjects who tested positive in the first evaluation and negative in the second evaluation. A positive result in the serological tests and MST in subjects from the endemic area studied did not indicate a risk of progression to VL and may only be temporary.

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“…Historical records from India, mathematical models, and data on cyclic VL patterns suggest that the epidemic decade just concluded will be followed by a decade of low incidence while the susceptible population accumulates, and without control measures, a new epidemic can be expected 10-15 years from now. [38][39][40] Aggressive vector control and treatment programs may alter the course of this cyclic history, but the natural pattern must be taken into account in the interpretation of surveillance data. The Indian subcontinent has been granted an opportunity to recapture the initiative in the VL elimination program.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Immunological Aspects of Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Bangladesh

Islam¹,

Kenah²,

Bhuiyan³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We conducted active surveillance for kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in a population of 24,814 individuals. Between 2002 and 2010, 1,002 kala-azar and 185 PKDL cases occurred. Median PKDL patient age was 12 years; 9% had no antecedent kala-azar. Cases per 10,000 person-years peaked at 90 for kala-azar (2005) and 28 for PKDL (2007). Cumulative PKDL incidence among kala-azar patients was 17% by 5 years. Kala-azar patients younger than 15 years were more likely than older patients to develop PKDL; no other risk factors were identified. The most common lesions were hypopigmented macules. Of 98 untreated PKDL patients, 48 (49%) patients had resolution, with median time of 19 months. Kala-azar patients showed elevated interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and MMP9/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1) ratio were significantly higher in PKDL patients than in other groups. PKDL is frequent in Bangladesh and poses a challenge to the current visceral leishmaniasis elimination initiative in the Indian subcontinent.

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Natural History of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in Northeastern Brazil: Long-Term Follow-Up

Cited by 81 publications

References 10 publications

Impact of canine control on the epidemiology of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.

Impact of canine control on the epidemiology of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.

Antileishmania Immunological Tests for Asymptomatic Subjects Living in a Visceral Leishmaniasis-Endemic Area in Brazil

Clinical and Immunological Aspects of Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Bangladesh

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