Natural Human Infections with <i>Plasmodium cynomolgi</i>, <i>P. inui</i>, and 4 other Simian Malaria Parasites, Malaysia

Yap, Nan Jiun; Hossain, Hanisah; Nada-Raja, Thamayanthi; Ngui, Romano; Muslim, Azdayanti; Hoh, Boon Peng; Khaw, Loke Tim; Kadir, Khamisah Abdul; Divis, Paul Cliff Simon; Vythilingam, Indra; Singh, Balbir; Lim, Yvonne Ai Lian

doi:10.3201/eid2708.204502

Cited by 67 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Malaria is a vector-borne parasitic disease, which in humans, is primarily caused by one of the five species of Plasmodium : Plasmodium falciparum , Plasmodium vivax , P. ovale (P. ovale curtisi , P. ovale wallikeri) , P. malariae and P. knowlesi (simian species found in Southeast Asia). Thanks to recent developments in molecular diagnostics, it is possible to identify further enzootic species of Plasmodium in humans: P. simium , P. cynomolgi , P. coatneyi and P. inui ; however, their prevalence and clinical picture have not been conclusively established [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymptomatic Malaria Infections in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience from the Central African Republic

Bylicka-Szczepanowska¹,

Korzeniewski

2022

IJERPH

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According to the latest World Health Organization malaria report, 95% of 241 million global malaria cases and 96% of 627,000 malaria deaths that were recorded in 2020 occurred in Africa. Compared to 2019, 14 million more cases and 69,000 more malaria deaths were recorded, mainly because of disruptions to medical services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria cases in children and adults living in the Dzanga Sangha region in the Central African Republic (CAR) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rapid immunochromatographic assays for the qualitative detection of Plasmodium species (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale/P. malariae) circulating in whole blood samples were used. A screening was performed in the group of 515 patients, 162 seemingly healthy children (aged 1–15) and 353 adults, all inhabiting the villages in the Dzanga Sangha region (southwest CAR) between August and September 2021. As much as 51.2% of asymptomatic children and 12.2% of adults had a positive result in malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs). Our findings demonstrated a very high prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infections in the child population. Limited access to diagnostics, treatment and prevention of malaria during the global COVID-19 pandemic and less medical assistance from developed countries may be one of the factors contributing to the increase in the prevalence of disease in Africa.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymptomatic Malaria Infections in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience from the Central African Republic

Bylicka-Szczepanowska¹,

Korzeniewski

2022

IJERPH

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“…[5]. Moreover, P. cynomolgi [6][7][8][9][10] and P. inui have also been reported in humans [11,12]. In Malaysia, P. knowlesi is the predominant species affecting humans, and 3212 cases have been reported in 2019 [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplex PCR Assay for the Identification of Four Species of the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Sub-Group in Malaysia

Pramasivan

Liew

Jeyaprakasam

et al. 2022

Insects

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The Leucosphyrus Group of mosquitoes are the major simian malaria vectors in Malaysia. Accurate species identification is required to help in curbing the spread of simian malaria. The aim of the study is to provide an accurate molecular method for identifying the four important Anopheles vector species found in Malaysia. Mosquito specimens were collected from various localities in Malaysia, where simian malaria cases were reported. DNA from 122 mosquito specimens was tested to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The specificity of this assay was tested against other mosquito species. Molecular identification of the species was further confirmed by analysing the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) DNA region of the specimens. Anopheles balabacensis and An. latens showed two distinct clades in the phylogenetic tree. The multiplex PCR assay was developed based on the ITS2 region for the identification of Anopheles introlatus (298–299 bp), Anopheles latens (197–198 bp), Anopheles cracens (421–426 bp), and Anopheles balabacensis (224–228 bp). This method will be useful to accurately identify the major Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group species in Malaysia, which are difficult to identify morphologically, to determine the correct vector as well as its geographical distribution.

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“…This data will be useful when interpreting P. vivax sero-surveillance results in settings co-endemic for P. knowlesi. It will be important to expand upon our findings to assess potential cross-reactivity with other zoonotic 48 and non-zoonotic Plasmodium species, even though for the latter the levels are expected to be lower due to the further divergence in genetic relatedness with other species 14 . Further assessment of recently developed P. knowlesi markers of exposure 24 in P. vivax endemic areas is warranted to confirm limited cross-reactivity for those specific proteins between the two species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax malaria serological exposure markers: assessing the degree and implications of cross-reactivity with P. knowlesi

Longley¹,

Grigg

Schoffer³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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SummarySerological exposure markers are a promising tool for surveillance and targeted interventions for Plasmodium vivax malaria. P. vivax is closely related to the zoonotic parasite P. knowlesi, which also infects humans. P. vivax and P. knowlesi are co-endemic across much of South East Asia, making it important to design P. vivax serological markers that minimise cross-reactivity in this region. Our objective was to determine the degree of IgG antibody cross-reactivity against a panel of P. vivax serological markers in samples from human participants with P. knowlesi malaria. We observed higher levels of IgG antibody reactivity against P. vivax proteins that had high levels of sequence identity with their P. knowlesi ortholog. IgG reactivity peaked at 7 days post P. knowlesi infection and was short-lived, with minimal responses detected at 1-year post-infection. Using these data, we designed a panel of 8 P. vivax proteins with low-levels of cross-reactivity with P. knowlesi. This panel was able to accurately classify recent P. vivax infections whilst reducing misclassification of recent P. knowlesi infections.

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Natural Human Infections with Plasmodium cynomolgi, P. inui, and 4 other Simian Malaria Parasites, Malaysia

Cited by 67 publications

References 8 publications

Asymptomatic Malaria Infections in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience from the Central African Republic

Asymptomatic Malaria Infections in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience from the Central African Republic

Multiplex PCR Assay for the Identification of Four Species of the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Sub-Group in Malaysia

Plasmodium vivax malaria serological exposure markers: assessing the degree and implications of cross-reactivity with P. knowlesi

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