Natural Immunity against HIV-1: Progression of Understanding after Association Studies

Luo, Ma

doi:10.3390/v14061243

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…There are more than 15,000 genetic variations in the HLA class I and class II genes [9]; this, combined with the heterogeneity in antibody response and the variability of analytic methods have made it difficult to study. Nevertheless, among the genetic factors that determine the clinical outcome upon exposure to antigens, the HLA system plays a pivotal role in the immune response to various infections, such as viral hepatitis, dengue, HIV-1, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and malaria, as well as small pox, rotavirus, measles-mumps-rubella, and influenza vaccines [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Likewise, emerging data show that polymorphisms in the HLA system may confer protection from or susceptibility to infection and severe disease in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, reviewed in [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HLA Variation and SARS-CoV-2 Specific Antibody Response

Wolday

Fung

Morgan

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Differences in SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses have been observed between individuals following natural infection or vaccination. In addition to already known factors, such as age, sex, COVID-19 severity, comorbidity, vaccination status, hybrid immunity, and duration of infection, inter-individual variations in SARS-CoV-2 immune responses may, in part, be explained by structural differences brought about by genetic variation in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules responsible for the presentation of SARS-CoV-2 antigens to T effector cells. While dendritic cells present peptides with HLA class I molecules to CD8+ T cells to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses (CTLs), they present peptides with HLA class II molecules to T follicular helper cells to induce B cell differentiation followed by memory B cell and plasma cell maturation. Plasma cells then produce SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Here, we review published data linking HLA genetic variation or polymorphisms with differences in SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses. While there is evidence that heterogeneity in antibody response might be related to HLA variation, there are conflicting findings due in part to differences in study designs. We provide insight into why more research is needed in this area. Elucidating the genetic basis of variability in the SARS-CoV-2 immune response will help to optimize diagnostic tools and lead to the development of new vaccines and therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HLA Variation and SARS-CoV-2 Specific Antibody Response

Wolday

Fung

Morgan

et al. 2023

Viruses

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“…These mice have incomplete and altered immune systems and type I interferon deficiency impacts both innate and adaptive immunity, which could lead to confounded findings or missing insights into natural responses that could otherwise be obtained in immunocompetent hosts. Indeed, the importance of lessons learned from natural immunity has been demonstrated by the advances from other viral disease models [143][144][145]. Although comparative studies in the context of immunocompetent hosts may be considered in human patients with different outcomes of CCHFV infection, in general they could not be conducted in- Together, these findings support public health education and measures aimed to prevent or reduce the risk of acquiring CCHFV infection from infected animals, apart from infected ticks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Distinguishing host responses, extensive viral dissemination and long-term viral RNA persistence in domestic sheep experimentally infected with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Kosovo Hoti

Li,

Pinette,

Smith

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne, biosafety level 4 pathogen often causing a fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans (CCHF). Although the virus is believed to be maintained in a tick-vertebrate-tick ecological cycle involving numerous wild and domestic animal species, the biology of CCHFV infection in these animals is far from clearly understood. Old experimental infection studies, remaining to be validated with modern laboratory methods, were largely based on CCHFV strains of unknown pathogenicity and limited to the observation of viremia. Here, domestic sheep are challenged with CCHFV Kosovo Hoti, a highly pathogenic clinical isolate increasingly utilized in current research. Despite a lack of prominent signs of disease, the infection demonstrates an acute viremia with coinciding viral shedding, high fever and makers for potential impairment in liver and kidney functions. The immune response is characterized by an early reduction of neutrophil recruitment and its chemoattractant, IL-8, in the blood stream, while neutrophil infiltration and elevated IL-8 are features of fatal CCHFV infections reported in immunodeficient mice and humans. Several inflammatory cytokines, which are predictive indicators of mortality in humans and have potential to cause vascular dysfunction, a primary hallmark of severe CCHF, are down-regulated or restricted from increase. Of particular interest, the detection of CCHFV RNA in a variety of organ tissues long after the acute phase of infection, while indicating a widespread viral dissemination in the host, suggests a potentially long-term persisting impact of CCHFV infection. Consistent with this, antibody responses exhibit features reminiscent of recurring antigenic boost, and a prolonged fever or late fever spike correlates with high levels of viral RNA persistence. These findings reveal previously unrecognized aspects of CCHFV biology in animals and highlight the need for extended experimental infection studies.

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“…The author wishes to make the following corrections to this paper [1]: Replacement of references to 63, 67, and 68 of this manuscript because these references are incorrect. The incorrect version was accidently introduced during the revision stage.…”

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confidence: 99%