Natural Incidence of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A Nuts Collected  from Local Market in Tripoli

Abushahma, N. Essawet H.; Najii, S. Inbaia A.; Amra, H.A.

doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.170

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…45% of samples contaminated with AFB 1 (50,51). However, in Pakistan and Brazil AFB 1 contamination exceeded MTL in 39.5% and 2.8% of samples (48, 50), respectively, while in this study no sample was reported to contain AFB 1 at levels above this limit.…”

Section: Figurecontrasting

confidence: 58%

“…For example, similar levels as this study were found in Iran and Brazil, where 96.5% of samples were found contaminated in both countries ( 48 , 49 ). While in Libya and Pakistan lower contamination levels were found with 31.1% and 45% of samples contaminated with AFB 1 ( 50 , 51 ). However, in Pakistan and Brazil AFB 1 contamination exceeded MTL in 39.5% and 2.8% of samples ( 48 , 50 ), respectively, while in this study no sample was reported to contain AFB 1 at levels above this limit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Public health risk associated with the co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in spices, herbs, and nuts in Lebanon

Daou

Hoteit

Bookari

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundAflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A are mycotoxins produced by filamentous fungi that attack crops on field and storage. Both mycotoxins present a risk on public health since aflatoxin B1 is a hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic agent while ochratoxin A can be nephrotoxic. Those mycotoxins can be found in several food items including spices, herbs, and nuts.ObjectivesIn Lebanon, few studies address aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A contamination in spices, herbs, and nuts. So, the aim of this study is to investigate the concentrations of those two mycotoxins particularly in spices and herbs and the concentration of aflatoxin B1 in nuts, and to determine the dietary exposure of the Lebanese population and their possible attribution to liver cancer and renal damage.MethodsIn this work, a total of 198 samples of spices, herbs, and nuts were collected from different sites. Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A were quantified using immune-affinity columns. A food frequency questionnaire was used to quantify the consumption of spices, herbs, and nuts in Lebanon. Exposure to aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A was calculated accordingly and liver and kidney cancer risks were evaluated.ResultsAflatoxin B1 was respectively found in 100, 20.4, and 98.6% of the spices, herbs, and nuts samples, while ochratoxin A was found in 100 and 44.4% of spices and herbs, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 was found at mean concentration of 0.97, 0.27, and 0.40 μg/kg in spices, herbs, and nuts, respectively while ochratoxin A was found at mean concentrations of 38.8 and 1.81 μg/kg in spices and herbs, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 occurrence was shown to be associated in this study with 0.017 additional cancer cases per 100,000 persons per year, and ochratoxin A weekly exposure was shown to be 5.04 ng/kg bw less than the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of 100 ng/kg bw which indicates low risk of renal damage from spices and herbs consumption.ConclusionThe consumption of spices, herbs, and nuts in Lebanon could lead to an increase in health risks associated with aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, specifically spices. The reported occurrence may be directly related to poor storage conditions.

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Section: Figurecontrasting

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Public health risk associated with the co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in spices, herbs, and nuts in Lebanon

Daou

Hoteit

Bookari

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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“…In the industry, the extraction of the shells and screening for nuts that have been visibly deteriorated by fungi also may have contributed to the absence of AFL in the stored nuts. In processed (dry) nuts that were exported, we can cite the results of Cunha et al (2018) who analyzed Brazil nuts in Porto (Portugal) and 2 samples were free of AFL contamination when analyzed ISSN 2166-0379 2020 by LCMS-MS. Essawet et al (2017) analyzed nut samples in Lybia, and 40% of the samples were positive samples for AFL. These two studies suggest that, despite the improvement in the factory of origin, dehydration is efficient in making the finished product safe until it reaches the consumers on other continents, though the conditions of transport and storage may offer conditions for new fungal contamination with the production of AFL.…”

Section: Journal Of Agricultural Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drying in Brazil Nut Processing as Tool for Prevention of Contamination by Aflatoxins

Kluczkovski¹,

Silva²,

Barroncas³

et al. 2020

JAS

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Drying is fundamental in the processing of Brazil nuts to prevent contamination by aflatoxins which are produced by fungi, as well as to extend the shelf life of the product. The binomial time/temperature is applied to guarantee the efficiency of drying stages. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the parameters of moisture content (mc) and water activity (Aw) in processed and unprocessed nuts obtained from a processing plant in the Amazonas state, Brazil, during the harvests of 2019 and 2020. Differences were observed regarding Aw between the harvests, and in processed and unprocessed samples. However, for mc, no differences between years or interaction between factors were observed. Processed samples from 2019 and 2020 showed a significant reduction in moisture content when compared to unprocessed samples and this may be because some modernization occurred in the drying process and raw material was stored under better conditions. We therefore conclude that the time/temperature binomial has a direct impact on product safety and should be applied from the moment of collection of raw material until the industrial process begins to guarantee economic maintenance of the production chain.

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“…In a study by Katsurayama et al, aflatoxin was found in all red pepper samples (15). In a study by Essawet et al, aflatoxin was found in 13.3%, 20%, 26.6%, 33.3%, 40% and 53.3% of cashew, hazelunt, walnut, almond, Brazilian almond and peanut samples, respectively (13). Other studies reported presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in 14% of rice samples (14) and 11.1% of breakfast cereals samples (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Although breast milk has marked effects on growth, development and health of infants, it can be contaminated with various environmental toxins including persistent organic pollutants (a family of highly toxic, lipophilic, stable chemicals that bioaccumulate in adipose tissue), mycotoxins and toxins produced by some bacteria such as Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus (6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by some species of the genus Aspergillus, namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus nomius (11)(12)(13). Aflatoxins can be detected in various crops such as peanut, maize, sorghum, pistachio and wheat (14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Aflatoxin M1 Level in Human Breast Milk samples from Jiroft, South of Iran

Kamali

Sarvtin

2020

mljgoums

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Background and Objective: Human breast milk is the primary food for newborns that possess all essential nutrients for their growth and health. However, breast milk can be contaminated with various toxins including aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 formed in the liver and excreted into the breast milk. This toxin can have immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. The present study aimed to investigate the level of AFM1 in human breast milk samples from Jiroft (Kerman Province), Iran. Methods: A total of 84 human breast milk samples were collected from lactating mothers who were referred to number one clinic in Jiroft from April 2016 to January 2017. The level of AFM1 was measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: Aflatoxin M1 was detected in all (100%) human breast milk samples within the interval values of 3.2 to 8.8 ng/L (mean, 4.1±0.7 ng/L). The level of AFM1 in all samples was lower than the maximum tolerable limit (25 ng/L) suggested by the EU and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Conclusion: Although AFM1 is present in all human breast milk samples from the city of Jiroft, the level of this toxin is within the tolerable limit. Therefore, it seems that infants are not at risk.

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Natural Incidence of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A Nuts Collected from Local Market in Tripoli

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

Public health risk associated with the co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in spices, herbs, and nuts in Lebanon

Public health risk associated with the co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in spices, herbs, and nuts in Lebanon

Drying in Brazil Nut Processing as Tool for Prevention of Contamination by Aflatoxins

Evaluation of Aflatoxin M1 Level in Human Breast Milk samples from Jiroft, South of Iran

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