Natural infection of small mammal species in Minnesota with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis

Walls, Jennifer J.; Greig, Barbara; Neitzel, David F.; Dumler, J. Stephen

doi:10.1128/jcm.35.4.853-855.1997

Cited by 120 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Responses of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), one of the most common mammals in eastern deciduous forests, to fragmentation are of special interest because they are an important prey item for many predators (Errington 1932, Armstrong 1958, Knable 1970, Phillips and Hubert 1980, Holt et al 1991, Swengel and Swengel 1992, Holt 1997. These mice also act as predators of seeds, insects, and bird eggs (Whittaker 1966, Batzli 1977, Maxson and Orig 1978, Guillory 1987, DeGraaf and Maier 1996, Ostfeld et al 1997, Schmidt et al 2001 and as an important host species for the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis, the primary vector of Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (Levine et al 1985, Ostfeld et al 1995, Walls et al 1997.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest Edge—high or Low Quality Habitat for White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus Leucopus)?

Wolf

Batzli

2004

Ecology

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Based on evidence of negative relationships between forest fragment area and mouse density, earlier studies suggested that forest edge might be high quality habitat for white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). However, we have found lower densities of this species and higher prevalence of parasitism near woodland edges. To examine the overall effect of edge habitat, we measured food availability (tree seeds and litter invertebrates), reproductive effort, and risk of predation along edge‐to‐interior gradients in eastern deciduous forests. We also compared woods adjacent to restored prairies to woods adjacent to agricultural fields to determine if the type of habitat adjacent to the edge affected these factors. Results showed slightly higher production of tree seeds in forest interior but no edge‐to‐interior pattern in abundance of invertebrates. Reproductive effort did not differ between edge and interior either. Risk of predation, however, showed a significant increase with proximity to the woodland edge. Type of adjacent habitat did not consistently affect factors determining edge‐to‐interior patterns. Mass of tree seeds differed little between woodland edges adjacent to different habitats in spring but was greater adjacent to agriculture in fall. Invertebrate abundance did not differ between woodland edges with different adjacent habitats. Risk of predation was higher at edges adjacent to restored prairies than at edges adjacent to agricultural fields. We conclude that forest edges are generally lower quality habitat than forest interior for white‐footed mice because of increased predation, and that relatively natural edges are likely to have higher risk of predation than anthropogenic edges.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest Edge—high or Low Quality Habitat for White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus Leucopus)?

Wolf

Batzli

2004

Ecology

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“…Ehrlichiae are obligate intracellular microorganisms residing within cytoplasmic vacuoles of monocytes, granulocytes or platelets. Hosts are various mammalian species [8,18,28,38,33]. In contrast to Chlamydiae they are able to synthesize their own ATP and they di¡er from Rickettsiae in multiplying within endosomal compartments of the host cells [33,41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of granulocytic Ehrlichiae in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Middle Germany (Thuringia) detected by PCR and sequencing of a 16S ribosomal DNA fragment

Hildebrandt

2002

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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A total of 305 Ixodes ricinus ticks (243 nymphs and 62 adults) were collected from three different regions of Thuringia in Middle Germany which are known to be endemic for Borrelia burgdorferi. Our aim was to investigate the carrier rate of ticks for granulocytic Ehrlichia species. The presence of ehrlichial 16S ribosomal DNA was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. Using primers specific for the Ehrlichia phagocytophila group PCR fragments of 151 bp and 943 bp, respectively, were produced in positive samples. Adult ticks showed a significantly higher infection rate (4/62; 6.5%) compared to nymphs (3/243; 1.2%). Prevalence rates varied between 0 and 3.8% regarding the different areas under investigation. The nucleotide sequences showed high similarity (between 97.5% and 99% identity) to the known sequences of the three E. phagocytophila group members HGE agent, E. phagocytophila and Ehrlichia equi. The sequence data did not allow a final classification to a particular member of this group.

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“…Only a few incidents of infection with A. phagocytophilum have been reported in house mice (Mus musculus), chipmunks (Tamias spp. ), and voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), all in the eastern U.S. (Tyzzer 1938, Telford et al 1996, Walls et al 1997. The primary reservoir for A. phagocytophilum in the eastern U.S. is the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), with a seroprevalence from 1-50% (Telford et al 1996, Walls et al 1997, Stafford et al 1999.…”

Section: Mammalian Hosts and Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), and voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), all in the eastern U.S. (Tyzzer 1938, Telford et al 1996, Walls et al 1997. The primary reservoir for A. phagocytophilum in the eastern U.S. is the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), with a seroprevalence from 1-50% (Telford et al 1996, Walls et al 1997, Stafford et al 1999. However, even though the PCR-prevalence ranged from 10.5-36%, infections in these rodents were transient (Walls et al 1997.…”

Section: Mammalian Hosts and Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary reservoir for A. phagocytophilum in the eastern U.S. is the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), with a seroprevalence from 1-50% (Telford et al 1996, Walls et al 1997, Stafford et al 1999. However, even though the PCR-prevalence ranged from 10.5-36%, infections in these rodents were transient (Walls et al 1997. Reservoir competence was documented by experimental transmission of A. phagocytophilum by feeding larval I. scapularis on infected P. leucopus, allowing these larvae to molt, and transmitting the infection to naïve P. leucopus individuals via nymphs (Telford et al 1996).…”

Section: Mammalian Hosts and Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Update on Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

Foley¹

2006

vertebrate_pest_conference

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Granulocytic anaplasmosis (GA) is a disease of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophila, E. equi, and the unnamed agents of "human granulocytic ehrlichiosis" (HGE). This pathogen is inoculated into host skin by the bite of Ixodes spp. ticks, including I. pacificus in California and I. scapularis in the eastern U.S. After inoculation, A. phagocytophilum disseminates to the blood and is phagocytosed into host neutrophils. The clinical characteristics of GA in people vary from no symptoms to fever, headache, neurological symptoms, and occasionally death. Horses with GA may experience high fever, depression, reduced ability to eat, limb edema, jaundice, and ataxia. GA is an emerging disease in the eastern U.S. but only a handful of human cases have been reported in the western U.S., despite relatively common reports of disease in horses and dogs. Wildlife and dog-sentinel studies have clarified that infection is common in the coast range mountains and Sierra Nevada foothills, with ongoing research focusing on ecological determinants that can modify the prevalence of infection in any particular area. One known reservoir is the dusky-footed woodrat. However, important, poorly understood ecological determinants serve to modify the probability of rodent as well as human infections, including climate, vegetation, and possibly the presence of other reservoir-competent rodents and nidicolous woodrat-specialist ticks such as I. spinipalpis.

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Natural infection of small mammal species in Minnesota with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis

Cited by 120 publications

References 18 publications

Forest Edge—high or Low Quality Habitat for White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus Leucopus)?

Forest Edge—high or Low Quality Habitat for White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus Leucopus)?

Prevalence of granulocytic Ehrlichiae in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Middle Germany (Thuringia) detected by PCR and sequencing of a 16S ribosomal DNA fragment

Update on Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

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