Natural Infection with Rabies Virus: A Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Human Brains

Farahtaj, Firouzeh; Alizadeh, Leila; Gholami, Alireza; Tahamtan, Alireza; Shirian, Sadegh; Fazeli, Maryam; Nejad, Amir Sasan Mozaffari; Gorji, Ali; Niknam, Hamid Mahmoudzadeh; Ghaemi, Amir

doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.1.03

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Patients succumb from cardio-pulmonary dysfunction and complications related to multiple organ failure 42 . Delayed innate immune responses may contribute to pathology 43 . The very few survivors from infection frequently have long-term neurological sequelae 44 , 190 .…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on lyssaviruses and rabies: will past progress play as prologue in the near term towards future elimination?

Rohde

Rupprecht²

2020

Fac Rev

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Rabies is an ancient, much-feared, and neglected infectious disease. Caused by pathogens in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus, and distributed globally, this viral zoonosis results in tens of thousands of human fatalities and millions of exposures annually. All mammals are believed susceptible, but only certain taxa act as reservoirs. Dependence upon direct routing to, replication within, and passage from the central nervous system serves as a basic viral strategy for perpetuation. By a combination of stealth and subversion, lyssaviruses are quintessential neurotropic agents and cause an acute, progressive encephalitis. No treatment exists, so prevention is the key. Although not a disease considered for eradication, something of a modern rebirth has been occurring within the field as of late with regard to detection, prevention, and management as well as applied research. For example, within the past decade, new lyssaviruses have been characterized; sensitive and specific diagnostics have been optimized; pure, potent, safe, and efficacious human biologics have improved human prophylaxis; regional efforts have controlled canine rabies by mass immunization; wildlife rabies has been controlled by oral rabies vaccination over large geographic areas in Europe and North America; and debate has resumed over the controversial topic of therapy. Based upon such progress to date, there are certain expectations for the next 10 years. These include pathogen discovery, to uncover additional lyssaviruses in the Old World; laboratory-based surveillance enhancement by simplified, rapid testing; anti-viral drug appearance, based upon an improved appreciation of viral pathobiology and host response; and improvements to canine rabies elimination regionally throughout Africa, Asia, and the Americas by application of the best technical, organizational, economic, and socio-political practices. Significantly, anticipated Gavi support will enable improved access of human rabies vaccines in lesser developed countries at a national level, with integrated bite management, dose-sparing regimens, and a 1 week vaccination schedule.

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Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on lyssaviruses and rabies: will past progress play as prologue in the near term towards future elimination?

Rohde

Rupprecht²

2020

Fac Rev

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“…Rabies, a life-threatening disease caused by a neurotropic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae that affects mammals and humans, is still an important public health problem worldwide, with a high mortality [17]. Globally, the annual number of human deaths due to rabies by dog bite was estimated in 59,000 [18].…”

Section: Rabies Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lesions proximal to the head show a shorter incubation period, but in most cases (60%) it takes from one to three months. Rabies virus can reach the CNS through a centripetal or retrograde pathway from the inoculation site [17]. The early clinical signs of rabies include fever, headache, vomiting, and irritability.…”

Section: Rabies Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neglected and (re-)emergent infections of the CNS in low-/middle-income countries

et al. 2021

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Low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) have suffered from long-term health system deficiencies, worsened by poor living conditions, lack of sanitation, a restricted access to health facilities and running water, overcrowding, and overpopulation. These factors favor human displacement and deepen marginalization; consequently, their population endures a high burden of infectious diseases. In this context, the current epidemiological landscape and its impact on health and economic development are not promissory, despite the commitment by the international community to eradicate neglected tropical infections -especially tuberculosis and malaria, by 2030. Neglected and (re)-emerging infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are a major public health concern in these countries, as they cause a great morbidity and mortality; furthermore, survivors often suffer from severe neurological disabilities. Herein, we present a retrospective review focused on some neglected and (re)-emerging infectious diseases, including neurocysticercosis, malaria, rabies, West Nile virus encephalitis, tuberculosis, neuroborreliosis, and SARS-CoV-2 in LMIC.

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“…3 In most underdeveloped countries, mortality in humans is high due to poor laboratory facilities to rabies diagnosis, whereas in many developing countries, mortality is low because of underreporting, inadequate clinical trials, and poor knowledge on the transmission and prevention of rabies disease. 4,5 Several test methods, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), are available for the diagnosis of rabies. Due to the high mortality rate associated with rabies infection, early detection techniques can control and prevent the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosensor as an alternative diagnostic method for rabies virus detection: A literature review

Zandi

Mohammadi

et al. 2021

Biotech and App Biochem

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Rabies virus as a neurotropic agent causes rabies in humans and animals. Rabies virus transmission usually occurs through direct contact with saliva of rabid animals. However, serological and molecular tests commonly are used in diagnosing rabies but all the detection methods of rabies have some limitations. It is necessary to develop a rapid, effective, and low‐cost biosensor as an alternative tool to detect rabies virus. In this review, we studied related biosensor researches to rabies virus detection for comparing it with other detection test including serological and molecular methods. Given that very limited studies have been conducted in this field, biosensors as quick, effective, and high sensitivity tools can be used in diagnostic of rabies as an alternative tool instead of other detection methods. According to the important role of rapid detection of rabies in the control of infection and public health measures, development of a biosensor as a quick tool can be very significant in the diagnosis of rabies.

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Natural Infection with Rabies Virus: A Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Human Brains

Cited by 16 publications

References 37 publications

Update on lyssaviruses and rabies: will past progress play as prologue in the near term towards future elimination?

Update on lyssaviruses and rabies: will past progress play as prologue in the near term towards future elimination?

Neglected and (re-)emergent infections of the CNS in low-/middle-income countries

Biosensor as an alternative diagnostic method for rabies virus detection: A literature review

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