Natural Inspired Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) Doped with Ammonium Carbonate (AC) as Biopolymer Electrolyte

Abstract

Green and safer materials in energy storage technology are important right now due to increased consumption. In this study, a biopolymer electrolyte inspired from natural materials was developed by using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the core material and doped with varied ammonium carbonate (AC) composition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows the prepared CMC-AC electrolyte films exhibited low crystallinity content, Xc (~30%) for sample AC7. A specific wavenumber range between 900–1200 cm−1 and 1500–1800 cm−1 was emphasized in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) testing, as this is the most probable interaction to occur. The highest ionic conductivity, σ of the electrolyte system achieved was 7.71 × 10−6 Scm−1 and appeared greatly dependent on ionic mobility, µ and diffusion coefficient, D. The number of mobile ions, η, increased up to the highest conducting sample (AC7) but it became less prominent at higher AC composition. The transference measurement, tion showed that the electrolyte system was predominantly ionic with sample AC7 having the highest value (tion = 0.98). Further assessment also proved that the H+ ion was the main conducting species in the CMC-AC electrolyte system, which presumably was due to protonation of ammonium salt onto the complexes site and contributed to the overall ionic conductivity enhancement.

Proton-Conducting Biopolymer Electrolytes Based on Carboxymethyl Cellulose Doped with Ammonium Formate

“…The AFT salt shows multiple sharp peaks, which shows the crystalline nature of the AFT salt. On the other hand, the CMC powder shows a broad peak centered at 20°, which is the typical amorphous pattern seen in CMC similarly to previous reports [ 13 , 25 , 26 , 31 ]. Figure 3 b shows the diffraction spectra of the CMC-AFT biopolymer electrolytes.…”

“…Doping with ionic salt is the simplest method to improve ionic conductivity by providing the necessary conducting ions (Li + , H + , K + etc.). On top of that, ionic salt also helps to disrupt the internal chemical structure, thus increasing the amorphous phase in the polymers which is beneficial for ionic conduction as proven by multiple reports previously [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

A Study of Methylcellulose Based Polymer Electrolyte Impregnated with Potassium Ion Conducting Carrier: Impedance, EEC Modeling, FTIR, Dielectric, and Device Characteristics

“…Besides improving energy and power efficiency, one of the remaining challenges in the development of energy storage systems, including smart grids, portable electronic devices, and hybrid vehicles, is to minimize manufacturing costs and reduce environmental pollution [1]. A more recent emphasis has been focused on solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) as an alternative conventional organic sol-gel electrolyte.…”

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Toward Solid‐State and Platinum‐Free Photovoltaics

“…Although research efforts in the DSSCs field have been focused for many years on the development of new dyes with the aim of maximizing sunlight absorption and minimizing recombination phenomena, [89][90][91] the electrolyte has later come out due to its relevant role when long-term stability issues are considered. [92][93][94] In the standard device configuration, the electrolyte consists of a redox shuttle dissolved in an organic solvent along with additives conceived to boost photocurrent and voltage of the DSSC. [95,96] Overall, the electrolyte takes care of oxidized dye regeneration, a milestone step to make these solar cells regenerative, and guarantees an efficient charge transfer between the electrodes.…”