Natural killer cells and unconventional T cells in COVID-19

Björkström, Niklas K.; Ponzetta, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2021.06.005

Cited by 30 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Researchers found overexpression of interferon-related genes, and increased activation of NK cells and T cells (97)(98)(99). Also, it was found that there was an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and local immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface (97).…”

Section: Biomarkers Of Sars-cov-2 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of COVID-19 on the Placenta During Pregnancy

et al. 2021

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. The virus primarily affects the lungs where it induces respiratory distress syndrome ranging from mild to acute, however, there is a growing body of evidence supporting its negative effects on other system organs that also carry the ACE2 receptor, such as the placenta. The majority of newborns delivered from SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers test negative following delivery, suggesting that there are protective mechanisms within the placenta. There appears to be a higher incidence of pregnancy-related complications in SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers, such as miscarriage, restricted fetal growth, or still-birth. In this review, we discuss the pathobiology of COVID-19 maternal infection and the potential adverse effects associated with viral infection, and the possibility of transplacental transmission.

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Section: Biomarkers Of Sars-cov-2 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of COVID-19 on the Placenta During Pregnancy

et al. 2021

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“…Finally, CD56 dim CD16 neg NK cells are unconventional CD56 dim cells whose cytotoxic capacity has been found to be lower compared to that of CD56 dim CD16 pos NK cells [32,33]. In this regard, the downregulation of CD16 expression has been also described in Herpes and Varicella zoster infections and might be associated with abnormal NK cell maturation during infection or prolonged cellular activity/activation, driving CD16 shedding, which might be a regulatory mechanism to prevent activation-induced cell death [34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expansion of CD56dimCD16neg NK Cell Subset and Increased Inhibitory KIRs in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Casado

Moraga

Vizcarra

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection induces elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, which are mainly produced by the innate response to the virus. The role of NK cells, which are potent producers of IFN-γ and cytotoxicity, has not been sufficiently studied in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We confirmed a different distribution of NK cell subsets in hospitalized COVID-19 patients despite their NK cell deficiency. The impairment of this innate defense is mainly focused on the cytotoxic capacity of the CD56dim NK cells. On the one hand, we found an expansion of the CD56dimCD16neg NK subset, lower cytotoxic capacities, and high frequencies of inhibitory 2DL1 and 2DL1/S1 KIR receptors in COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, the depletion of CD56dimCD16dim/bright NK cell subsets, high cytotoxic capacities, and high frequencies of inhibitory 2DL1 KIR receptors were found in COVID-19 patients. In contrast, no differences in the distribution of CD56bright NK cell subsets were found in this study. These alterations in the distribution and phenotype of NK cells might enhance the impairment of this crucial innate line of defense during COVID-19 infection.

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“…During infection, NKT cells migrate from the circulation to the lung, where they form aggregates. An increased concentration of highly activated NKTs is observed, following chemokine release in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of patients with COVID-19 [ 22 ]. NKT cells are important antiviral effectors due to their ability to respond without a prior sensitization, and therefore, are able to produce IL-17 immediately following antigen exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NKT cells are important antiviral effectors due to their ability to respond without a prior sensitization, and therefore, are able to produce IL-17 immediately following antigen exposure. In contrast, IL-17 production from CD4 + T cells is more complex, and depends on different factors and cytokines [ 6 , 21 , 22 ]. Likewise, γδ T cells have been characterized as a primary source of IL-17 secretion in several in vitro lung injury models [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Role of the Interleukin-23/17 Axis in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

Jahaj

Vassiliou

Keskinidou

et al. 2021

JPM

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Studies have hypothesized a potential role of the interleukin (IL)-23/17 axis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, to date, levels of IL-23 and 17 have not been compared between critically ill COVID-19 patients and critically ill non-COVID-19 patients. IL-23 and 17 were measured on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) in critically ill COVID-19 (N = 38) and critically ill non-COVID-19 (N = 34) patients with an equal critical illness severity. Critically ill non-COVID-19 patients did not have sepsis or septic shock on ICU admission. None of the enrolled patients had previously received corticosteroids. In our study, circulating IL-17 levels were higher in the COVID-19 patients. More specifically, critically ill COVID-19 patients had levels of 0.78 (0.05–1.8) pg/mL compared to 0.11 (0.05–0.9) pg/mL in the critically ill non-COVID-19 patients (p = 0.04). In contrast, IL-23 levels were comparable between groups. A group of patients hospitalized in the specialized COVID-19 clinic (N = 16) was also used to evaluate IL-17 and IL-23 levels with respect to COVID-19 severity. Non-critically ill COVID-19 patients had undetectable levels of both cytokines. Our results support the notion of inhibiting IL-17 in critical COVID-19 infection.

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Natural killer cells and unconventional T cells in COVID-19

Cited by 30 publications

References 70 publications

The Effects of COVID-19 on the Placenta During Pregnancy

The Effects of COVID-19 on the Placenta During Pregnancy

Expansion of CD56dimCD16neg NK Cell Subset and Increased Inhibitory KIRs in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Evaluating the Role of the Interleukin-23/17 Axis in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

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