Natural La Crosse Virus Infection in the Red Fox (Vulpes Fulva), Gray Fox (Urocyon Cinereoargenteus), Raccoon (Procyon Lotor), and Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana) *

Te, Amundson; Tm, Yuill

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1981.30.706

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Thus, viral pathogens causing encephalitis with unclear pathogenic and potential zoonotic potential could represent a serious threat for humans and animals alike [10, 11]. Viral agents known to induce (meningo-) encephalitis in canines comprise Rhabdoviridae [12], Paramyxoviridae [13, 14], Herpesviridae [15], Parvoviridae [5, 16], Flaviviridae [5], Arboviridae [17], Bornaviridae [18] and Circoviridae [19]. Protozoal and bacterial agents, like Toxoplasma gondii , Neospora caninum , Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Listeria monocytogenes can occasionally induce widespread non-suppurative meningoencephalitis also in canines [8, 20, 21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) for possible viral causes of encephalitis

Bourg

Nobach

Herzog

et al. 2016

Virol J

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BackgroundNext to various known infectious and non-infectious causes, the aetiology of non-suppurative encephalitis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) often remains unclear. Known causes in foxes imply rabies, canine distemper, toxoplasmosis, Aujeszky’s disease, as well as parvovirus, adenovirus, circovirus and flavivirus infections. In this study, particular attention was paid on bornaviruses, since red foxes are predators of bicoloured white-toothed shrews, a reservoir of Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). In addition, foxes are known to be highly susceptible for viruses of the order Mononegavirales.MethodsAnalyses for the presence of anti-BoDV-1 antibodies, BoDV-1-RNA and antigen were performed on 225 blood and 59 brain samples, from a total of 232 red foxes. Foxes originated from BoDV-1 endemic and non-endemic German areas. Additional investigations for the presence of rabies, canine distemper, toxoplasmosis, Aujeszky’s disease, parvovirus, adenovirus and flavivirus infections were carried out on 16 red foxes with non-suppurative (meningo-) encephalitis. A metagenomic analysis was used on three representative brain samples displaying encephalitis.ResultsAmong 225 foxes, 37 displayed anti-BoDV-1 antibodies with titres ranging between 1:40 and 1:2560, regardless of geographic origin. In 6 out of 16 foxes with encephalitis, canine distemper virus was detected. No evidence of any of the other investigated agents was found in the 16 fox brains with encephalitis. Metagenomics revealed no infectious agents, except for one already known canine distemper case.ConclusionRed foxes can exhibit BoDV-1 specific antibodies without association with geographic origin or encephalitis due to bornavirus infection. The encephalitis pattern was highly conspicuous for a viral infection, but remained unclear in 10 out of 16 foxes. Thus, presently unknown infectious and non-infectious causes need to be considered and further investigated, especially since foxes also tend to occur in human proximity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) for possible viral causes of encephalitis

Bourg

Nobach

Herzog

et al. 2016

Virol J

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“…Because both these hosts and the mosquitoes that feed on them are parochial in their life-styles, the ability of LAC virus varieties to be disseminated over large areas of country may be restricted. Nevertheless, serological surveys indicate that LAC virus also infects other, more wide-ranging species, such as foxes (Amundson and Yuill, 1981). Thus even where the preferred vectors and hosts may not facilitate virus dissemination, the involvement of other hosts (and vectors) with different habits may allow the virus to be disseminated.…”

Section: Virus Replication In the Vertebrate Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and Molecular Biology of Bunyaviruses

Bishop

1996

The Bunyaviridae

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“…triseriatus; however, this mosquito exhibits very low levels (<3%) of transmission [195,196]. LACV can be transovarially transmitted by 53% of Ae.…”

Section: La Crosse Virusmentioning

confidence: 98%

Arboviruses: Variations on an Ancient Theme

et al. 2014

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Arboviruses utilize different strategies to complete their transmission cycle between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Most possess an RNA genome coupled with an RNA polymerase lacking proofreading activity and generate large populations of genetically distinct variants, permitting rapid adaptation to environmental changes. With mutation rates of between 10 -6 and 10 -4 substitutions per nucleotide, arboviral genomes rapidly acquire mutations that can lead to viral emergence. Arboviruses can be described in seven families, four of which have medical importance: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae and Reoviridae. The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae both have ssRNA genomes, while the Bunyaviridae and Reoviridae possess segmented RNA genomes. Recent epidemics caused by these arboviruses have been associated with specific mutations leading to enhanced host ranges, vector shifts and virulence. KEYWORDS Arboviruses: the role of RNA genomes in viral adaptation & emergenceThe recent emergence of many arboviruses (i.e., West Nile virus [WNV] in North America [1] and Chikungunya virus [CHIKV] in the Indian Ocean islands [2]) serves as a reminder that these viruses are capable of rapidly adapting to changes in their environment. Such viral epidemics can often be associated with the accumulation of one or more specific mutations in the viral genome and highlight a hallmark feature of arboviruses [3][4][5][6]. Indeed, arboviruses, and many other RNA viruses, employ a unique feature of their RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in order to achieve this rapid adaptation: inaccuracy due to a lack of proofreading activity [7][8][9]. This inaccuracy is the result of evolutionary pressure related to the fidelity of the polymerase. Mutations that decrease the fidelity of viral polymerases, have been shown to cause the accumulation of attenuating and lethal mutations [10], while mutations that enhance the fidelity of the polymerase are also associated with attenuation due to a reduction in the number of viral quasispecies, leaving the virus unable to cope with sudden environmental changes within the host [11]. These studies and others have shown that RNA virus replication balances on a 'knife's edge', with slight changes in their fidelity leading to population collapse [12]. Arboviruses are further constrained by the need to replicate in both a vector and a host species. These two very dissimilar organisms each place unique selective pressures on the arboviral genome, such that mutations that adapt the virus to favor one host are often deleterious in the other host [13][14][15]. Despite this evolutionary pressure, many arboviruses have expanded both their geographical distribution and host range through the generation and accumulation of beneficial mutations [16,17].The major source of these mutations comes from errors that occur during genome replication. Mutation rates during viral RNA replication are in the range of 10 -6 -10 -4 substitutions per For reprint orders, please contact: reprints@futuremedicine.com

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Natural La Crosse Virus Infection in the Red Fox (Vulpes Fulva), Gray Fox (Urocyon Cinereoargenteus), Raccoon (Procyon Lotor), and Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana) *

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Screening red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) for possible viral causes of encephalitis

Screening red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) for possible viral causes of encephalitis

Biology and Molecular Biology of Bunyaviruses

Arboviruses: Variations on an Ancient Theme

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