Natural montan wax and its raffinates

Matthies, Lutz

doi:10.1002/1438-9312(200104)103:4<239::aid-ejlt239>3.0.co;2-#

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Other components such as free wax alcohols or ketones, paraffins, and terpenes are usually present in small quantities. 11 The wax is soluble in many organic solvents, particularly aromatic or chlorinated hydrocarbons, even on moderate heating. Montan wax is used in the form of flakes, powders, pastes with solvents, and aqueous emulsions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorption properties of wood impregnated with aqueous solution of boric acid and montan wax emulsion

Lesar

Straže

Humar

2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Nonbiocidal techniques for wood protection have become more and more important in the last few years. One of the possible treatments to enhance wood durability is use of water repellents. In this research, the influence of one of the possible water repellents, the montan wax emulsion, on the moisturizing and the sorption characteristics of impregnated wood was investigated. To achieve a better protection against wood decay fungi, wood was impregnated with montan wax emulsion enriched with boric acid. The equilibrium moisture content (MC) was monitored during the adsorption and the desorption processes at five levels of relative air humidity (RH 1 ¼ 20%, RH 2 ¼ 33%, RH 3 ¼ 65%, RH 4 ¼ 88%, and RH 5 ¼ 98%). Water repellence efficiency was monitored in the chamber with high RH (87%) and during dipping in the water. Impregnated samples were also exposed outdoors in a covered position for 5 months to determine MC changes according to changes in outdoor humidity and temperature. The results showed that the sorption properties of the impregnated wood are strongly related to retention of preservative solutions after impregnation and its composition. Montan wax reduced equilibrium MC of the impregnated wood up to 25% (relatively), whereas specimens impregnated with combination of montan wax and boric acid resulted in decreased MC in some cases and in increased MC in some cases. The Guggenheim-Andersen-deBoer model of sorption isotherms was fitted to experimental data to explain the sorption mechanisms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorption properties of wood impregnated with aqueous solution of boric acid and montan wax emulsion

Lesar

Straže

Humar

2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Chemically however, it is more related to the hard vegetable waxes, such as carnauba wax, than to petroleum waxes. The composition of the montan wax varies depending on the geographical area (Bennett, 1975;Matthies, 2001).…”

Section: Identity Of the Substancementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of montan acid esters (E 912) as a food additive

2013

EFSA Journal

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of montan acid esters (E 912) when used as a food additive. Montan acids are extracted from oxidised montan wax and esterified with ethylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol or triols, to form montan acid esters. Montan acid esters are authorised only for the surface treatment of fresh fruits. No data, specifically for montan acid esters, on toxicokinetics and reproductive and developmental toxicity were available. The available data on short-term and subchronic toxicity, genotoxicity and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity were limited. Important deficiencies in the available studies on chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity were noticed. The data requested in the 1990s (i.e. chromosomal aberration in vitro, reproduction and teratogenicity studies, material characteristics, impurities, presence of PAHs) were not submitted. Furthermore no data were submitted following an EFSA public call for data in 2012. The Panel identified some summary data in the European Chemicals Agency database (ECHA) on registered substances that might have been relevant for the assessment of montan acid esters but the original study reports were not made available to EFSA. Based on these limitations in the toxicological database the Panel concluded that montan acid esters as a food additive could not be evaluated. © European Food Safety Authority, 2013 KEY WORDSFatty acid, montan wax; montan acid wax; waxes, montan fatty acids; fatty acids, montan-wax, ethylene esters; glyceryl montanate; montan wax acid, butylene glycol montanate; 1,3-butanediol diester. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of montan acid esters (E 912) as a food additive.The Panel was not provided with a newly submitted dossier on montan acid esters and no new data were submitted following a public call for data. The present evaluation is based on previous evaluations and on additional literature that became available since then. Not all original studies on which previous evaluations were based were available for re-evaluation but the Panel had access to information submitted to the EU Scientific Committee on Food (SCF).Montan acid esters (E 912) are waxes of various chemical compositions. Montan acids are isolated from montan wax, a bituminous product extracted from lignite, and then esterified with diols such as ethylene glycol and 1,3-butylene glycol or with triols such as glycerol.The Panel noted that benzene is used as solvent in the manufacturing process. Benzene is genotoxic and is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and EU as a human carcinogen.The Panel recommended that benzene should not be used for the manufacturing of montan acid esters.The Panel noted that the specifications did not ...

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“…Natural carnauba and montan waxes are mixtures of compounds mainly consisting of monoesters of long-chain acids and alcohols and free long-chain acids (C 16 –C 34 ). , The areas of application of these waxes extracted from palm leaves and lignite, respectively, and of polyolefin waxes overlap. However, due to a fluctuating supply and an inconsistent quality, such natural waxes cannot be considered a viable replacement for polyolefin waxes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waxes from Long-Chain Aliphatic Difunctional Monomers

Eck,

Stoltze,

Mecking

2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Petrochemical polyethylene waxes (M n = 800− 8000 g/mol for commercial Ziegler waxes) as additives, lubricants, and release agents are essential to numerous products and production processes. The biodegradability of this class of compounds when unintentionally released to the environment is molar mass dependent and subject to ongoing discussions, and alternatives to conventional polyethylene waxes are desirable. By employing bottom-up and top-down approaches, that is nonstoichiometric A 2 + B 2 polycondensation and chain scission, respectively, linear waxes with multiple in-chain ester groups as biodegradation break points could be obtained. Specifically, waxes with 12,12 (WLE-12,12, WLE = waxes linear ester) and 2,18 (WLE-2,18) carbon atom linear ester repeat unit motifs were accessible over a wide range of molar masses (M n ≈ 600−10 000 g/ mol). In addition to the molar mass, the type of end group functionality (i.e., methyl ester, hydroxy, or carboxylic acid end groups) significantly impacts the thermal properties of the waxes, with higher melting points observed for carboxylic acid end groups (e.g., T m = 83 °C for carboxylic acid-terminated WLE-12,12 with M n,NMR = 1900 g/mol, T m = 92 °C for WLE-2,18 with M n,NMR = 2200 g/ mol). A HDPE-like orthorhombic crystalline structure and rheological properties comparable to a commercial polyethylene wax suggest WLE-12,12 and WLE-2,18 are viable biodegradable and biosourced alternatives to conventional, petrochemical polyethylene waxes.

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Natural montan wax and its raffinates

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

Sorption properties of wood impregnated with aqueous solution of boric acid and montan wax emulsion

Sorption properties of wood impregnated with aqueous solution of boric acid and montan wax emulsion

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of montan acid esters (E 912) as a food additive

Waxes from Long-Chain Aliphatic Difunctional Monomers

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