Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxin-Producing Fusaria in Market-Bought Peruvian Cereals: A Food Safety Threat for Andean Populations

Abstract

Consumption of cereals contaminated by mycotoxins poses health risks. For instance, Fumonisins B, mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusariumproliferatum, and the type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol, typically produced by Fusarium graminearum, are highly prevalent on cereal grains that are staples of many cultural diets and known to represent a toxic risk hazard. In Peru, corn and other cereals are frequently consumed on a daily basis under various forms, the majority of food grains being sold through traditional markets for direct consumption. Here, we surveyed mycotoxin contents of market-bought grain samples in order to assess the threat these mycotoxins might represent to Peruvian population, with a focus on corn. We found that nearly one sample of Peruvian corn out of six was contaminated with very high levels of Fumonisins, levels mostly ascribed to the presence of F. verticillioides. Extensive profiling of Peruvian corn kernels for fungal contaminants could provide elements to refine the potential risk associated with Fusarium toxins and help define adapted food safety standards.

Characterization of Fusarium acuminatum: A Potential Enniatins Producer in Tunisian Wheat

“…Mycotoxin extraction from grains was adapted from a previously published method [ 16 ]. The homogenized grains were dried at 50 °C for 48 h, then ground into a fine powder (particles size <100 µm).…”

“…Alternatively, to check the presence/absence of the targeted mycotoxins measured with the HPLC/DAD method, five samples collected in 2018 were randomly selected for extractions and LC-MS/MS analysis performed as in Ducos et al [ 16 ] using a QTrap 2000 system (AB Sciex, Courtaboeuf, France) equipped with an Electro Spray Ionization (ESI) source and an 1100 Series HPLC system (Agilent, Les Ulis, France), as an alternative to the HPLC-DAD analysis presented above. Calibration in the matrix was performed using pure standards of ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1 (Sigma-Aldrich, France) diluted at 10 to 250 ng mL −1 .…”

Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategies of Teachers and Students in Financial Colleges and Universities Under the Direction of Food Security

“…Firstly, CNKI and Google Scholar were used to query data. Secondly, many articles and works from columnists and related Internet information were cited ( Ducos et al, 2021 ). In addition, platforms such as China Food Net and the Bureau of Statistics were used to find relevant information.…”

Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Activities of Halophyte Extracts against Mycotoxin Intoxication

“…About one fourth of global agricultural products and half of cereal grain samples (or derived products) used for livestock feed are contaminated with mycotoxins in Europe and worldwide [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEN) are the most commonly occurring fusariotoxins in cereal grains and animal feed [ 6 , 7 ]. Regarding finished feed, FBs (91%), deoxynivalenol (82%), ZEN (35%), aflatoxins (18%), T2 (4%) and ochratoxin A (3%) are the most frequently found mycotoxins under warm climate conditions [ 8 , 9 ].…”