Natural occurrence of mycotoxins and their masked forms in food and feed products

Abstract

A total of 174 cereal-based food products, 67 compound feeds and 19 feed raw materials were analysed for the occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and their respective masked forms, including deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, zearalenone-4-glucoside, α-zearalenol-4-glucoside, β-zearalenol-4-glucoside and zearalenone-4-sulfate. Fibre-enriched bread, bran-enriched bread, cornflakes, popcorn and oatmeal were collected in Belgian supermarkets from April 2010 to October 2011. All food samples analysed were contaminated with an average of 2 to 6 mycotoxins, including 1 to 3 masked forms. Feed raw materials that were used in the analysed compound feeds were collected by the manufacturer. Feed raw materials included were beet pulp, sunflower seed meal, soy bean, soy peel, oats, barley, maize germs, maize gluten feed, maize, wheat gluten feed, wheat bran pellets, wheat bran and wheat. Beet pulp, sunflower seed meal, soy bean and soy peel were hardly contaminated. The feed raw materials that were mostly infected with deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and derivatives were maize and its by-products. Also, the glucosylated and sulfated forms occurred in substantial amounts. As well, wheat and its by-products were contaminated with α-zearalenol (wheat gluten feed and wheat bran) and zearalenone (wheat). The contamination pattern and level of feed raw materials were reflected in the corresponding compound feeds.

Human exposure to mycotoxins and their masked forms through cereal-based foods in Belgium

“…Only two oatmeal samples were contaminated with ZEN4S and β-ZEL4G; ZEN4G appeared in 38% of the samples ( Table 1). A more detailed interpretation is described in De Boevre et al (De Boevre et al, 2012a).…”

“…Furthermore, in these matrices co-occurrence of masked and parent mycotoxins has been previously described (De Boevre et al, 2012a;Berthiller et al, 2009b;Desmarchelier & Seefelder, 2011;He et al, 2010;Kostelanska et al, 2009;Lancova et al, 2008;Vendl et al, 2010). To date however, no risk assessments were performed for masked mycotoxins.…”

Application of Modern Biosensors Methods in Ecotoxicological Monitoring of Some Toxins of Natural (Micotoxins) and Antropogenic (Pesticides) Origin. Part 1. Micotoxins.

“…Огляд Marthe De Boevre et. al., опу-l., опу-., опу-блікований в журналі World Mycotoxin [38], забезпечує розуміння природного виникнення різних форм Fusarium "мікотоксинів у масці" у кормах і продуктах харчування.…”

Detached leafin vitro model for masked mycotoxin biosynthesis and subsequent analysis of unknown conjugates

“…In recent years, scientific awareness of masked mycotoxins in food, feed and unprocessed grain samples has increased De Boevre et al, 2012a;Skrbic et al, 2011). Focus has traditionally been directed towards the glucosylated metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), namely deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), however for other mycotoxins such as T-2 toxin (T-2) many derivatives remain unknown.…”