Natural plasmids of filamentous fungi.

Griffiths, Anthony John

doi:10.1128/mmbr.59.4.673-685.1995

Cited by 107 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…A number of other mitochondrial mutations, characterized in animals and fungi, and ranging from point mutations to insertions and deletions, seem to confer relatively high replication rates on their genomes (Bertrand et al ., 1980; Griffiths, 1992; Chinnery et al ., 2000; Schwartz & Vissing, 2002). High replication rates in mutated genomes may be linked to selection for a threshold level of respiratory performance that favors accelerated production of mitochondria (and their attendant genomes) that respire at below‐normal levels (Griffiths, 1995).…”

Section: Inheritancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some cases, the over‐replication of dysfunctional mitochondrial genomes results in cell death (Griffiths, 1992). In others, however, the competitive maintenance of wild‐type mitochondrial genomes at low levels allows the retention of cell viability (Bertrand et al ., 1980; Griffiths, 1995). This phenomenon is similar to the among‐cell competitive maintenance of wild‐type cells demonstrated experimentally in yeast petite mutants by Taylor et al .…”

Section: Inheritancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Inheritance and recombination of mitochondrial genomes in plants, fungi and animals

2005

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Summary It is generally assumed that mitochondrial genomes are uniparentally transmitted, homoplasmic and nonrecombining. However, these assumptions draw largely from early studies on animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In this review, we show that plants, animals and fungi are all characterized by episodes of biparental inheritance, recombination among genetically distinct partners, and selfish elements within the mitochondrial genome, but that the extent of these phenomena may vary substantially across taxa. We argue that occasional biparental mitochondrial transmission may allow organisms to achieve the best of both worlds by facilitating mutational clearance but continuing to restrict the spread of selfish genetic elements. We also show that methodological biases and disproportionately allocated study effort are likely to have influenced current estimates of the extent of biparental inheritance, heteroplasmy and recombination in mitochondrial genomes from different taxa. Despite these complications, there do seem to be discernible similarities and differences in transmission dynamics and likelihood of recombination of mtDNA in plant, animal and fungal taxa that should provide an excellent opportunity for comparative investigation of the evolution of mitochondrial genome dynamics.

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Section: Inheritancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inheritancementioning

confidence: 99%

Inheritance and recombination of mitochondrial genomes in plants, fungi and animals

2005

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“…Natural plasmids are commonly found in lower eukaryotes, including yeasts and other fungi (reviewed in Fukuhara et al ., 1997; Griffith, 1995; Meinhardt et al ., 1990). Depending on the organism, extrachromosomal DNA can occur in circular or linear form, can have various molecular structures and can be located in the cytoplasm, the mitochondria or the nucleus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large circular and linear rDNA plasmids inCandida albicans

Huber

Rustchenko

2001

Yeast

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Although plasmids containing rRNA genes (rDNA) are commonly found in fungi, they have not been reported in Candida. We discovered that the yeast opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans contains two types of rDNA plasmids which differ in their structure and number of rDNA repeats. A large circular plasmid of unknown size consists of multiple rDNA repeats, each of which includes an associated autonomously replicating sequence (ARS). In contrast, a linear plasmid, which is represented by a series of molecules with a spread of sizes ranging from 50–150 kbp, carries a limited number of rDNA units and associated ARSs, as well as telomeres. The number of linear plasmids per cell is growth cycle‐dependent, accumulating in abundance in actively growing cells. We suggest that the total copy number of rDNA is better controlled when a portion of copies are on a linear extrachromosomal plasmid, thus allowing a rapid shift in the number of corresponding genes and, as a result, better adaptation to the environment. This is the first report of a linear rDNA plasmid in yeast, as well as of the coexistence of circular and linear plasmids. In addition, this is a first report of naturally occurring plasmids in C. albicans. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Bacteria, particularly some Gram-positive representatives, harbour such DNA species that possess either hairpin loops at their termini or have proteins covalently attached to their 5 0 -ends . In line with the endosymbiont theory, eukaryotic linear plasmids -discovered first in maize (Pring et al, 1977) -are commonly localized in organelles such as mitochondria and plastids (Meinhardt et al, 1990;Griffiths, 1995). However, the majority of the yeast linear plasmids are located in the cytoplasm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Yeast autonomous linear plasmid pGKL2: ORF9 is an actively transcribed essential gene with multiple transcription start points

Jeske

Tiggemann

Meinhardt

2006

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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A pair of linear plasmids, pGKL1 (8.9 kb) and pGKL2 (13.4 kb), resides in the cytoplasm of Kluyveromyces lactis killer strains. The smaller element, actually conferring the killer phenotype, strictly depends on the larger autonomous pGKL2. Here, we have examined the previously uncharacterized pGKL2 open reading frame (ORF)9 (1.34 kb). Northern analysis of a killer plasmid carrying Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain applying an ORF9-specific probe revealed a single transcript closely matching the size of the ORF9 coding region. Multiple transcriptional start points, determined by primer extension analysis, are located 16 nt downstream of a conserved sequence element regarded as the cytoplasmic promoter. In vivo disruption of pGKL2/ORF9 using the cytoplasmically expressible marker-gene LEU2* resulted in the establishment of a three-plasmid system composed of the native cytoplasmic elements pGKL1/2 and a hybrid of the latter, which only remained stable under selective conditions. The native pGKL2, however, did not segregate during prolonged subcultivations, proving an essential function of ORF9 for plasmid maintenance.

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Natural plasmids of filamentous fungi.

Cited by 107 publications

References 83 publications

Inheritance and recombination of mitochondrial genomes in plants, fungi and animals

Inheritance and recombination of mitochondrial genomes in plants, fungi and animals

Large circular and linear rDNA plasmids inCandida albicans

Yeast autonomous linear plasmid pGKL2: ORF9 is an actively transcribed essential gene with multiple transcription start points

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