Natural Polymeric Composites Derived from Animals, Plants, and Microbes for Vaccine Delivery and Adjuvant Applications: A Review

Abstract

A key element in ensuring successful immunization is the efficient delivery of vaccines. However, poor immunogenicity and adverse inflammatory immunogenic reactions make the establishment of an efficient vaccine delivery method a challenging task. The delivery of vaccines has been performed via a variety of delivery methods, including natural-polymer-based carriers that are relatively biocompatible and have low toxicity. The incorporation of adjuvants or antigens into biomaterial-based immunizations has demonstrated better immune response than formulations that just contain the antigen. This system may enable antigen-mediated immunogenicity and shelter and transport the cargo vaccine or antigen to the appropriate target organ. In this regard, this work reviews the recent applications of natural polymer composites from different sources, such as animals, plants, and microbes, in vaccine delivery systems.

Novel polymer-based hydrogels of recent research in drug delivery for disease treatment related to SARS-CoV-2 virus

“…This localized approach serves to enhance the efficacy of treatment while simultaneously minimizing systemic side effects. Furthermore, inhalable hydrogels can be engineered to possess optimal particle size and properties that promote prolonged retention within the lung [168]. This prolonged residence ensures that the therapeutic agents persist within the lungs for an extended duration, thus enabling sustained release and prolonged therapeutic efficacy [114].…”