Natural Product (Fungal and Herbal) Novel Psychoactive Substances

Gibbons, Simon; Arunotayanun, Warunya

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415816-0.00014-6

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…For example, plant-based substances have been traditionally consumed for a long time in specific regions (e.g. khat was originally consumed in Eastern Africa, kratom in South East Asia and Salvia divinorum in Central America) before being classified as NPS (Feng, Battulga, Han, Chung, & Li, 2017;Gibbons & Arunotayanun, 2013), while synthetic compounds were manufactured more recently (e.g. NM-2AI).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring new psychoactive substances: Exploring the contribution of an online discussion forum

Rhumorbarbe

Morelato

Staehli

et al. 2019

International Journal of Drug Policy

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Background: The rapid emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is a challenge for public health authorities and law enforcement. The phenomenon is strengthened since the increase of the Internet usage. Not only used to trade NPS, the Web is an important source of information for both potential drug consumers and experienced users. Discussion forums are among these sources of information. They are meeting points for different groups of users and include a wide range of trip reports, questions and consumption tips. Since the discussions are archived over a long period, they can be used to monitor the interest of consumers for particular substances over time. This research aims at understanding the contribution of data extracted from a major online discussion forum within a systematic monitoring process. Method: Data were collected from a discussion forum (i.e. Drugs-forum). Within the sections of the forum, the titles, content of discussion, number of replies, and the date of the first discussion were crawled and stored in a dedicated database. The intensity of the discussions related to 42 substances considered as NPS was measured through an indicator allowing to assess the popularity of substances. Furthermore, the appearance of 15 substances on the forum was compared to the date of formal notification to the EU early warning system. Results: An evolution of the different classes of substances, as well as an evolution of specific substances within a class were highlighted. Some substances were discussed for a long period of time (e.g. Kratom, 25i-NBOMe, MDPV) while others were discussed very briefly (e.g. 5-MeO-DPT, NM-2AI). Out of the fifteen substances subjected to a risk assessment from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), nine of them appeared on the forum before or at the same time as their first date of notification to the EU early warning system. Conclusion: In line with previous research on doping products, this article shows the potential of the monitoring of online forums in the context of psychoactive substances. Besides, the system designed to collect the data is flexible and can be systematically updated to fuel a monitoring process. It informs not only on the presence/absence of a substance in discussions between consumers, but also on its evolution over time. Such results could benefit academic research and organizations studying the NPS phenomenon. Precisely, it could complement existing early warning systems and benefit law enforcement agencies and policy makers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring new psychoactive substances: Exploring the contribution of an online discussion forum

Rhumorbarbe

Morelato

Staehli

et al. 2019

International Journal of Drug Policy

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“…The concentration of alkaloids depends on the origin and part of the plant used, but harmaline, tetrahydroharmine, harmol, harminic acid methyl ester, harminic acid, acetyl-norharmine, N -norharmine, N -oxyharmine, harmalinic acid, and ketotetrahydronorharmine are reported constituents of the stems. These compounds can act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), which inhibit neurotransmitters, such as tryptamine, allowing N-N -dimethyltryptamine found in Psychotria viridis to cause psychoactive effects ( 3 ).…”

Section: Genome Announcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has developed a repository of complete chloroplast genome sequences called GenomeTrakrCP. Target species for inclusion are plants found in foods and dietary supplements, toxin producers, common contaminants, and adulterants and their close relatives ( 3 ). Banisteriopsis caapi was identified for inclusion in this database, and specimens were obtained from the U.S. Botanic Garden (accession number 1989-0298) and sequenced and annotated using previously described methods ( 4 , 5 ).…”

Section: Genome Announcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequencing the Vine of the Soul: Full Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Banisteriopsis caapi

Ramachandran

Zhang

McLaughlin³

et al. 2018

Genome Announc

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“…The mescaline molecule is structurally similar to serotonin and acts on the serotonin (5-HT 2A ) receptor. 5-HT 2A receptors activation increases cortical glutamate levels apparently through a presynaptic receptor-mediated release from thalamic afferents (Nichols, 2004;Gibbons and Arunotayanun, 2013). Hovenia dulcis Thunb.…”

Section: Kava Lactonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnopharmacological Applications Targeting Alcohol Abuse: Overview and Outlook

et al. 2020

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Excessive alcohol consumption is the cause of several diseases and thus is of a major concern for society. Worldwide alcohol consumption has increased by many folds over the past decades. This urgently calls for intervention and relapse counteract measures. Modern pharmacological solutions induce complete alcohol self-restraint and prevent relapse, but they have many side effects. Natural products are most promising as they cause fewer adverse effects. Here we discuss in detail the medicinal plants used in various traditional/folklore medicine systems for targeting alcohol abuse. We also comprehensively describe preclinical and clinical studies done on some of these plants along with the possible mechanisms of action.

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Natural Product (Fungal and Herbal) Novel Psychoactive Substances

Cited by 15 publications

References 89 publications

Monitoring new psychoactive substances: Exploring the contribution of an online discussion forum

Monitoring new psychoactive substances: Exploring the contribution of an online discussion forum

Sequencing the Vine of the Soul: Full Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Banisteriopsis caapi

Ethnopharmacological Applications Targeting Alcohol Abuse: Overview and Outlook

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