Natural Products of Marine Macroalgae from South Eastern Australia, with Emphasis on the Port Phillip Bay and Heads Regions of Victoria

Abstract

Marine macroalgae occurring in the south eastern region of Victoria, Australia, consisting of Port Phillip Bay and the heads entering the bay, is the focus of this review. This area is home to approximately 200 different species of macroalgae, representing the three major phyla of the green algae (Chlorophyta), brown algae (Ochrophyta) and the red algae (Rhodophyta), respectively. Over almost 50 years, the species of macroalgae associated and occurring within this area have resulted in the identification of a number of different types of secondary metabolites including terpenoids, sterols/steroids, phenolic acids, phenols, lipids/polyenes, pheromones, xanthophylls and phloroglucinols. Many of these compounds have subsequently displayed a variety of bioactivities. A systematic description of the compound classes and their associated bioactivities from marine macroalgae found within this region is presented.

LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Characterization of Seaweed Phenolics and Their Antioxidant Potential

“…Concentrations of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in brown seaweed Himanthalia elongate were also previously reported, being measured as 96.3 ± 3.12 µg/g d.w. , 38.8 ± 1.94 µg/g d.w. and 44.4 ± 2.72 µg/g d.w. , respectively [33]. About 10 marine-derived pharmaceutical drugs were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and 30 candidates were in different stages of clinical trials for application in a number of disease areas [73]. The presence of these abundant polyphenols provide evidence for seaweeds as a good source of antioxidants for application in food and pharmaceutical industries, while further toxicity, pharmacological and clinical studies are needed.…”

Natural Compounds from the Marine Brown Alga Caulocystis cephalornithos with Potent In Vitro-Activity against the Parasitic Nematode Haemonchus contortus

“…Recent studies by our research team [29][30][31][32] have been focused on isolating secondary metabolites from marine sponges, algae and terrestrial plants in Australia. Some of these natural compounds include the pentaprenylated p-quiniol (compound 1) and furospinosulin-1 (2) from Dactylospongia sp.…”

Chemically Diverse and Biologically Active Secondary Metabolites from Marine Phylum chlorophyta

“…These metabolites are potential bioactive compounds important for the pharmaceutical industry and may impact it. Seaweeds and their extracts may have various biological activities which include antitumor [ 88 ], anti-Alzheimer disease [ 89 ], antiprotozoal [ 90 ], antiviral [ 91 ], antioxidant [ 92 ] and cytotoxic action against cell lines in human cancer [ 14 ] and some seaweed extracts were also reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity [ 7 , 8 ]. The antimicrobial activity of the macroalgae was determined by the biologically active compounds also containing antibacterial properties, such as cycloeudesmol, lyengaroside A, meroditerpenoid, neoirietetraol, diterpene-benzoate, polybrominated indoles, halogenated sesquiterpene alcohol, lanosol enol ether, diterpene benzoic acids, callophycoic acids, halogenated diterpene-phenols, callophycols and eicosanoids [ 93 ].…”

“…Research concern has greatly enhanced as regards the marine life, marine algae and their amazing secondary metabolites started to be used for their strong therapeutic activities in the last decades [ 7 , 8 ]. According to recent studies, about 72,500 species of algae throughout the world have been determined, whereas marine algae are at high peak among them, representing a large group among the marine organisms [ 9 ].…”

“…Because of different adaptation strategies, macroalgae can survive in harsh environmental conditions. Due to the adaptive nature of the macroalgae’s physiology, they may produce numerous secondary metabolites with exclusive structural cores encompassing alkaloids, cyclic peptides, diterpenoids, glycerol, lipids, phlorotannin, polyketides, polysaccharides, quinones and sterols [ 7 , 8 , 12 ]. Chlorophytian seaweeds are abundant in intertidal and deep-water areas of the seas, popularly known as green algae.…”