Natural products targeting macroautophagy signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy: Recent evidence and perspectives

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), presently the second leading cause of global cancer‐related mortality, continues to pose significant challenges in the realm of medical oncology, impacting both clinical drug selection and mechanistic research. Recent investigations have unveiled autophagy‐related signaling as a promising avenue for HCC treatment. A growing body of research has highlighted the pivotal role of autophagy‐modulating natural products in inhibiting HCC progression. In this context, we provide a concise overview of the fundamental autophagy mechanism and delineate the involvement of autophagic signaling pathways in HCC development. Additionally, we review pertinent studies demonstrating how natural products regulate autophagy to mitigate HCC. Our findings indicate that natural products exhibit cytotoxic effects through the induction of excessive autophagy, simultaneously impeding HCC cell proliferation by autophagy inhibition, thereby depriving HCC cells of essential energy. These effects have been associated with various signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, AMPK, Wnt/β‐catenin, Beclin‐1, and ferroautophagy. These results underscore the considerable therapeutic potential of natural products in HCC treatment. However, it is important to note that the present study did not establish definitive thresholds for autophagy induction or inhibition by natural products. Further research in this domain is imperative to gain comprehensive insights into the dual role of autophagy, equipping us with a better understanding of this double‐edged sword in HCC management.

Animal-derived natural products for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy: current evidence and future perspectives

“…Research has also found that bufalin can inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 liver cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 143.2 nM. Further research has found that it increases the expression of beclin-1, promotes the transformation of Lc3-I to Lc3-II, and reduces the expression of sequestosome-1 (p62), initiating and forming autophagosomes ( Chen Y. et al, 2024 ), and inducing cell autophagy. At the same time, bufalin can also activate AMP-activated protein kinase activity, thereby inhibiting mTOR to induce autophagy.…”

Flavonoids and Gastric Cancer Therapy: From Signaling Pathway to Therapeutic Significance

“… 20 Flavonoids in the diet can influence various molecular targets and signaling pathways related to cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, and hormone activity. 21 , 22 This modulation contributes to the inhibition of different cancers, such as lung, liver, breast, and ovarian cancers. 23–26 …”