Groundwater is a crucial resource for human activities, and it is vital to establish criteria for radioactivity in its water quality parameters to ensure sustainable use and protect the health of the surrounding population. In line with the sanitary standards for drinking water and comprehensive discharge standards for sewage, we conducted tests on 12 water samples collected from the densely populated area of the eastern Gonghe Basin. The detected parameters included the activity levels of U, Th, 226Ra, 40K, and gross-α and gross-β. The groundwater in this area exhibited a gross-α activity concentration ranging from 0.06 to 1.19Bq/L, with an average value of 0.32Bq/L. The gross-β activity concentration ranged from 0.06 to 1.26Bq/L, with an average of 0.27Bq/L. Notably, the QNH and ZCS water samples were obtained from high-temperature hot springs, and the concentration of gross radioactive α activity exceeded both the Class III water radioactivity index of the Groundwater Quality Standard and the limit specified by the drinking water Sanitation Standard. Additionally, the 230Th, 226Ra, 210Po, and 232Th mononuclide α radioactivity in these two groups of water samples surpassed the personal radiation dose limit for drinking water. The radioactivity content of other water samples was low on the whole, which met the relevant standards. However, the internal exposure dose of 210Po, caused by natural alpha radionuclides XTM-1, STM-1, STM-2, and GH-02, slightly exceeded the limit. The estimated internal exposure dose due to natural beta radionuclides in the water samples taken in this study did not exceed the World Health Organization standard for personal radiation dose in drinking water by 0.1mSv/a. This study enhances our understanding of the distribution and causes of groundwater radioactive concentration in the Gonghe Basin. It also has significant implications for the prevention and control of radioactive water pollution and associated health risks.