Natural radioactivity in winter wheat from organic and conventional agricultural systems

Lindahl, Patric; Maquet, Alain; Hult, Mikael; Gasparro, Joël; Marissens, G.; Orduña, R. González de

doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.11.007

Cited by 28 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In each environment, certified organic and conventional fields were separated by short distances (i.e. < 5 km) though otherwise located in similar microclimatic conditions with comparable soil properties [ 27 ]. A set of 15 flag leaves were collected from each field representing a total of 60 samples (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference genes for gene expression studies in wheat flag leaves grown under different farming conditions

et al. 2011

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BackgroundInternal control genes with highly uniform expression throughout the experimental conditions are required for accurate gene expression analysis as no universal reference genes exists. In this study, the expression stability of 24 candidate genes from Triticum aestivum cv. Cubus flag leaves grown under organic and conventional farming systems was evaluated in two locations in order to select suitable genes that can be used for normalization of real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) reactions. The genes were selected among the most common used reference genes as well as genes encoding proteins involved in several metabolic pathways.FindingsIndividual genes displayed different expression rates across all samples assayed. Applying geNorm, a set of three potential reference genes were suitable for normalization of RT-qPCR reactions in winter wheat flag leaves cv. Cubus: TaFNRII (ferredoxin-NADP(H) oxidoreductase; AJ457980.1), ACT2 (actin 2; TC234027), and rrn26 (a putative homologue to RNA 26S gene; AL827977.1). In addition of these three genes that were also top-ranked by NormFinder, two extra genes: CYP18-2 (Cyclophilin A, AY456122.1) and TaWIN1 (14-3-3 like protein, AB042193) were most consistently stably expressed.Furthermore, we showed that TaFNRII, ACT2, and CYP18-2 are suitable for gene expression normalization in other two winter wheat varieties (Tommi and Centenaire) grown under three treatments (organic, conventional and no nitrogen) and a different environment than the one tested with cv. Cubus.ConclusionsThis study provides a new set of reference genes which should improve the accuracy of gene expression analyses when using wheat flag leaves as those related to the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference genes for gene expression studies in wheat flag leaves grown under different farming conditions

et al. 2011

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“…2), following the pattern of root > straw > husk > grain. Lindahl et al (2011) reported that 226 Ra is preferably retained in the roots compared with the aboveground plant parts. Lakshmanan and Venkateswarlu (1988) also observed the lowest radionuclide concentration 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 in the grains.…”

Section: 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in rice plant components and physico-chemical effects of soil on their transportation to grains

Alsaffar

Jaafar

Kabir

et al. 2015

Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences

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Available online xxxKeywords: Radioactivity Soil RiceTransfer factor Physico-chemical effects a b s t r a c t Radioactivity distribution and transfer factor (TF) in plants are crucial parameters used to assess radioactive contamination in the environment and its risks to humans. In this study, the activities of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K were successfully measured via gamma-ray spectrometry on rice plant components (root, straw, husk, and grain) and on corresponding soil samples collected from paddy fields in Penang, Malaysia. Soil physicochemical characteristics (pH, citation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and soil texture) were also analyzed for their estimated effects on soilegrain TF. A major fraction of the total 226 Ra and 232 Th activities measured at 47% and 57%, respectively, were concentrated in the roots, whereas only about 9% and 8% were distributed in the grains, correspondingly. 40 K activity accumulation was about 59% in the straw and 7% in the grains. Rice soilegrain TFs were observed in the ranges of (0.06e0.36) Â 10 À1 for 226 Ra, (0.04e0.14) Â 10 À1 for 232 Th, and (0.74e4.72) Â 10 À1 for 40 K. Results showed that the selected radionuclide distributions in rice are dependent on component type, and their grain concentrations are not linearly related to their soil concentrations. These findings indicated that uptake predominantly depends on soil physico-chemical characteristics.

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“…However, the use of quality parameters has generally been unsuccessful due to high sample variability, and no statistically significant differences were found among organic versus conventional plant products (Rapisarda et al, 2005(Rapisarda et al, , 2010Camin et al, 2007Camin et al, , 2011Pieper and Barret, 2009). A variety of advanced analytical techniques has also been employed, including the measurement of natural radioactivity ( 40 K, 226 Ra, 228 Ra, and 228 Th) in winter wheat (Lindahl et al, 2011). Multi-element fingerprinting combined with chemometrics allowed discrimination between organic and conventional wheat, barley, and potato, when the effects of three geographical locations and two cropping seasons were removed by principal component analysis .…”

Section: Complementary Markers and Statistical Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles and Limitations of Stable Isotopes in Differentiating Organic and Conventional Foodstuffs: 1. Plant Products

Inácio

Chalk

Magalhães

2013

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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Among the lighter elements having two or more stable isotopes (H, C, N, O, S), δ(15)N appears to be the most promising isotopic marker to differentiate plant products from conventional and organic farms. Organic plant products vary within a range of δ(15)N values of +0.3 to +14.6%, while conventional plant products range from negative to positive values, i.e. -4.0 to +8.7%. The main factors affecting δ(15)N signatures of plants are N fertilizers, biological N2 fixation, plant organs and plant age. Correlations between mode of production and δ(13)C (except greenhouse tomatoes warmed with natural gas) or δ(34)S signatures have not been established, and δ(2)H and δ(18)O are unsuitable markers due to the overriding effect of climate on the isotopic composition of plant-available water. Because there is potential overlap between the δ(15)N signatures of organic and conventionally produced plant products, δ(15)N has seldom been used successfully as the sole criterion for differentiation, but when combined with complementary analytical techniques and appropriate statistical tools, the probability of a correct identification increases. The use of organic fertilizers by conventional farmers or the marketing of organic produce as conventional due to market pressures are additional factors confounding correct identification. The robustness of using δ(15)N to differentiate mode of production will depend on the establishment of databases that have been verified for individual plant products.

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Natural radioactivity in winter wheat from organic and conventional agricultural systems

Cited by 28 publications

References 25 publications

Reference genes for gene expression studies in wheat flag leaves grown under different farming conditions

Reference genes for gene expression studies in wheat flag leaves grown under different farming conditions

Distribution of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in rice plant components and physico-chemical effects of soil on their transportation to grains

Principles and Limitations of Stable Isotopes in Differentiating Organic and Conventional Foodstuffs: 1. Plant Products

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