Natural Regeneration of Maritime Pine: A Review of the Influencing Factors and Proposals for Management

Abstract

The main objective of the present work was to review the current knowledge about the factors that influence the different phases of the natural regeneration of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) and propose scientifically based management schedules. The review focused on the natural regeneration of maritime pine within its most representative areas (Portugal, Spain, and France). First, a brief characterisation of the main phases of the natural regeneration of maritime pine is described. Next, information on the factors affecting the natural regeneration of the species is provided, highlighting its positive and negative effects. Finally, management proposals are presented to promote the natural regeneration of maritime pine species. Numerous factors influencing the natural regeneration of maritime pine were identified. Fires and climatic factors can intervene in all three regeneration phases (seeding, germination, and seedling survival and development). The natural regeneration failure of maritime pine species can be aggravated in drier scenarios. Forest management plays an important role as it can promote the natural regeneration of the species.

Influence of Distance from Forest Edges on Spontaneous Vegetation Succession Following Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Southeast Peruvian Amazon

“…However, such cover will depend on the impact level of the perturbation, the type of mining carried out, the available seed sources, and the distance to seed sources. Natural regeneration (passive restoration) is the process in which trees establish from seeds that fall and germinate in situ without anthropic intervention [15,16]. This restoration method does not include any complementary activities to improve restoration [17].…”

Influence management and disturbances on the regeneration of forest stands

“…They open after being exposed to heat (high temperatures or fire). Seed release is closely linked to fire, e.g., Pinus pinaster (Ribeiro et al, 2022) or high temperatures in the summer (Wyse et al, 2019).…”

“…Seedling establishment depends on environmental (e.g., precipitation, temperature, and light), biological (e.g., species traits, competition, and browsing) and silvicultural (e.g., stand structure and silvicultural systems) factors (Davis and Jonhson, 1987;Smith et al, 1997;Leonardsson et al, 2015) as well as physiography and site quality (Ribeiro et al, 2022). Shade tolerance and main stand crown cover may constrain seedling development.…”

A method to produce a flexible and customized fuel models dataset

“…None of the national fuel model classes describes this type of vegetation and the alternative is to assign the NFFL 4 fuel model, which is the most similar in terms of fuel load and depth and fire behaviour. However, where fire frequency is high it can lead to potential regeneration failure [37 , 38] . Therefore, besides TSLF, mean fire return interval (FRI) was also used in the rules of fuel model class assignment.…”