Natural Resistance of Tropical American Woods to Terrestrial Wood-Destroying Organisms

Bultman, J. D.; Southwell, C. R.

doi:10.2307/2989627

Cited by 84 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Bark beetles are more diverse and can have broader host ranges in tropical than in temperate forests (Beaver 1979). Tropical bark beetles and other bole-feeding invertebrates (such as wood borers and termites, the latter being particularly abundant in the tropics ) can cause extensive damage and contribute substantially to tropical tree mortality (Bultman and Southwell 1976, Apolina´rio and Martius 2004, Nair 2007, Werner and Prior 2007. Although fungal and other pathogens of boles and roots have been poorly studied in the tropics (Gilbert 2005, Garcı´a-Guzma´n andMorales 2007), it is evident that they, too, contribute to tree mortality at BCI (e.g., Gilbert et al 1994, Mangan et al 2010).…”

Section: Ultimate Causes Of Bci's Higher Mortality Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Causes and implications of the correlation between forest productivity and tree mortality rates

Stephenson

Mantgem

Bunn

et al. 2011

Ecological Monographs

124

100

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Abstract. At global and regional scales, tree mortality rates are positively correlated with forest net primary productivity (NPP). Yet causes of the correlation are unknown, in spite of potentially profound implications for our understanding of environmental controls of forest structure and dynamics and, more generally, our understanding of broad-scale environmental controls of population dynamics and ecosystem processes. Here we seek to shed light on the causes of geographic patterns in tree mortality rates, and we consider some implications of the positive correlation between mortality rates and NPP. To reach these ends, we present seven hypotheses potentially explaining the correlation, develop an approach to help distinguish among the hypotheses, and apply the approach in a case study comparing a tropical and temperate forest.Based on our case study and literature synthesis, we conclude that no single mechanism controls geographic patterns of tree mortality rates. At least four different mechanisms may be at play, with the dominant mechanisms depending on whether the underlying productivity gradients are caused by climate or soil fertility. Two of the mechanisms are consequences of environmental selection for certain combinations of life-history traits, reflecting trade-offs between growth and defense (along edaphic productivity gradients) and between reproduction and persistence (as manifested in the adult tree stature continuum along climatic and edaphic gradients). The remaining two mechanisms are consequences of environmental influences on the nature and strength of ecological interactions: competition (along edaphic gradients) and pressure from plant enemies (along climatic gradients).For only one of these four mechanisms, competition, can high mortality rates be considered to be a relatively direct consequence of high NPP. The remaining mechanisms force us to adopt a different view of causality, in which tree growth rates and probability of mortality can vary with at least a degree of independence along productivity gradients. In many cases, rather than being a direct cause of high mortality rates, NPP may remain high in spite of high mortality rates. The independent influence of plant enemies and other factors helps explain why forest biomass can show little correlation, or even negative correlation, with forest NPP.

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Section: Ultimate Causes Of Bci's Higher Mortality Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Causes and implications of the correlation between forest productivity and tree mortality rates

Stephenson

Mantgem

Bunn

et al. 2011

Ecological Monographs

124

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…e test specimens were then end painted with di erent colors for easy identi cation (Bultman and Southwell 1976) labeled and then exposed to termites in the eld. Field trials were preferred to laboratory studies because they allow the collective and cumulative e ects of all kinds of abiotic and biotic deterioration factors to be evaluated (Peralta et al 2003).…”

Section: Field Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Field trials were preferred to laboratory studies because they allow the collective and cumulative e ects of all kinds of abiotic and biotic deterioration factors to be evaluated (Peralta et al 2003). ey also give reliable data regarding natural resistance of wood (Bultman and Southwell 1976). e e ect of extractives on natural durability was also tested by exposing hardwoods whose extracts had been removed to termite attack.…”

Section: Field Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of natural wood extractives as wood preservatives against termite attack

Syofuna

Banana

Nakabonge

2012

Maderas, Cienc. tecnol.

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Wood extractives play a major role in the protection of wood against termite and fungal attack. Wood extractives from three hard wood species of Milicia excelsa, Albizia coriaria and Markhamia lutea that are known to be very resistant against termite attack and fungal decay were studied to assess their role as wood preservatives in Uganda. Acetone, hexane and distilled water were used in the extraction of these compounds from the outer heartwood of the selected durable species. Extraction was done using a soxhlet extractor. e extractives obtained were used to treat Pinus caribaea and Antiaris toxicaria species known to be susceptible to termites and fungal attack. Treated blocks were then exposed to Macrotermes bellicosus termites in the eld. It was observed that wood extracts used as preservatives improved the resistance of less durable samples to termite attack by 50% compared to the controls. It was also observed that removal of extractives decreased resistance of the durable samples. It can be concluded that wood extractives contribute greatly to the protection of less durable wood species against termite attack.

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“…Wood is one of the oldest construction materials and is used for a variety of purposes because of its unique properties, including a high strength to weight ratio, resiliency, and toughness (Bultman and Southwell 1976). However, wood is susceptible to environmental degradation because it is a biological material (Williams and Feist 1999;Chang and Chou 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of Impregnated and Heat Treated Oriental Beech Wood

et al. 2016

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The main purpose of this study was to investigate mechanical properties such as the modulus of rupture (MOR) and compression strength parallel to grain (CSPG) of impregnated and heat-treated Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) wood. Some copper and boron containing impregnation chemicals such as Wolmanit CX-8 (WCX-8) and Celcure AC-500 (CAC-500) were used. Wood specimens were impregnated 2% aqueous solution of the chemicals according to ASTM D1413-07e1 standard. The wood specimens were heated at 150 and 175 °C for 4 and 8 h, respectively. Results showed that both impregnation and heat treatment decreased the MOR and CSPG of Oriental beech wood. The MOR losses of Oriental beech after both treatments were higher than CSPG losses. The largest reduction of MOR and CSPG were observed with 51.5% and 15.5% for CAC-500 impregnated and heated at 175 °C for 8 h. Except for WCX-8 impregnation and heat treatment at 150 °C for 4 and 8 h, the MOR values of impregnated and heat-treated Oriental beech wood were lower than only heat-treated Oriental beech wood. It was also found that the CSPG values of impregnated and heat-treated Oriental beech wood were higher than only heat-treated Oriental beech wood, except for impregnation and heat treatment at 175 °C for 8 h.

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Natural Resistance of Tropical American Woods to Terrestrial Wood-Destroying Organisms

Cited by 84 publications

References 9 publications

Causes and implications of the correlation between forest productivity and tree mortality rates

Causes and implications of the correlation between forest productivity and tree mortality rates

Efficiency of natural wood extractives as wood preservatives against termite attack

Mechanical Properties of Impregnated and Heat Treated Oriental Beech Wood

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