Natural ultraviolet radiation and photosynthetically active radiation induce formation of mycosporine-like amino acids in the marine macroalga Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta)

Karsten, Ulf; Franklin, Linda; Lüning, K.; Wiencke, Christian

doi:10.1007/s004250050319

Cited by 166 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Nor have there been kinetic studies of the accumulation of individual MAAs in corals stimulated to do so. Studies of dinoflagellates (Carreto et al 1990a,b), diatoms (Helbling et al 1996), other microalgae (Xiong et al 1997(Xiong et al , 1999Hannach and Sigleo 1998), and macrophytes (Rhodophyta) (Karsten et al 1998) in culture indicate not only wavelengthspecific effects on MAA accumulation but also reveal different kinetics for individual MAAs and a time-dependent change in algal MAA composition. Virtually all studies of MAAs in zooxanthellate corals and other phototrophic symbioses explicitly assume that most MAAs are synthesized de novo via the shikimate pathway (presumably in the algal endosymbionts because animals, or at least mammals, lack this pathway : Bentley 1990;Haslam 1993), although until now there has been no experimental test of the involvement of the shikimate pathway.…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraviolet‐B radiation stimulates shikimate pathway‐dependent accumulation of mycosporine‐like amino acids in the coral Stylophora pistillata despite decreases in its population of symbiotic dinoflagellates

Shick

Romaine-Lioud

Ferrier‐Pagés

et al. 1999

Limnology & Oceanography

200

152

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Colonies of Stylophora pistillata maintained for four years in indoor aquaria in the near absence of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) contained only small amounts (Ͻ5 nmol mg Ϫ1 protein) of 10 identified mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs, which act as UV sunscreens), the largest number reported in any organism. The concentrations of most MAAs increased linearly or exponentially when colonies were exposed to ultraviolet-A (UVA) and ultraviolet-B (UVB) for 8 h dϪ1 in the presence of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Total MAA concentration reached 174 nmol mg Ϫ1 protein after 30 d, with palythine and mycosporine-2 glycine constituting more than half of the final total. UVB specifically stimulated MAA accumulation: after 15 d, MAA levels in colonies exposed to PAR alone and to PAR and UVA did not differ (7 and 5 nmol MAA mg Ϫ1 protein, respectively), while those in colonies exposed to PAR and UVA ϩ UVB were significantly higher (28 nmol mg Ϫ1 protein). Glyphosate, an inhibitor of the shikimate pathway, eliminated or reduced the UV-induced accumulation of most MAAs during 7 d of exposure, providing the first experimental evidence of their synthesis via this pathway in a coral symbiosis. Densities of zooxanthellae in colonies of S. pistillata, Acropora sp., and Seriatopora hystrix exposed to UVR for 15 d were only one-third of those in control colonies unexposed to UVR. This net decrease in the number of zooxanthellae in the corals (bleaching) occurred despite UV-stimulated increases in algal cytokinesis and in the host cell-specific density of zooxanthellae in hospite, increases that apparently destabilized the symbiosis and caused expulsion of the zooxanthellae.

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Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraviolet‐B radiation stimulates shikimate pathway‐dependent accumulation of mycosporine‐like amino acids in the coral Stylophora pistillata despite decreases in its population of symbiotic dinoflagellates

Shick

Romaine-Lioud

Ferrier‐Pagés

et al. 1999

Limnology & Oceanography

200

152

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“…3 & 6), but it may support low levels of such biosynthesis (Table 3). In comparison, how Chondrus crispus can increase MAAs 90-fold during 7 d under the UG11 filter (i.e., under UVR and minimal PAR) (Karsten et al 1998) is unknown, but the cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis sp. produces MAAs heterotrophically when grown in sucrose medium and stimulated by UV-B (Portwich & Garcia-Pichel 2000).…”

Section: Effect Of Uvr Alone and Of Dcmu On Accumulation Of Maasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relative contribution of such exogenous sources compared with endogenous (photosynthetic) production of MAAs has not heretofore been assessed experimentally (see Gleason 2001), which is a goal of our study. In the same context, we tested whether UVR alone in the absence of PAR would elicit the accumulation of MAAs in unfed corals, as it does in the red macrophyte Chondrus crispus (Karsten et al 1998) and in the cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis sp. when grown heterotrophically (Portwich & Garcia-Pichel 1999.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of starvation, ammonium concentration, and photosynthesis on the UV-dependent accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the coral Stylophora pistillata

Ferrier‐Pagés¹,

Grover²,

Allemand³

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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This study addresses several unresolved questions regarding the biosynthesis, metabolism, regulation, and diversity of MAAs in zooxanthellate scleractinian corals. Starved colonies of Stylophora pistillata accumulated the same concentrations of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) as fed corals after 28 d of exposure to photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR), suggesting that dietary MAAs are of little quantitative importance in this phototrophic symbiosis. Starved corals continued to accumulate MAAs and conserved them disproportionally compared with declining protein and chlorophyll a, indicating the priority placed on maintaining this UV-sunscreen defense. In 2 different colonies (SP1 and SP2) exposed to enriched (10 µM) ammonium and PAR + UVR during starvation, the final concentrations of MAAs and chlorophyll a were identical. However, under ambient ammonium (< 0.4 µM), SP2 produced MAAs at the expense of chlorophyll a, whereas SP1 maintained chlorophyll a levels but synthesized less MAA. Ammonium consistently affected only the accumulation of primary, Symbiodinium-MAAs (mycosporine glycine, shinorine, porphyra-334, and mycosporine-2 glycine) and not secondary MAAs derived from the former, probably in the host's tissues. Mycosporine-2 glycine and palythine (a secondary MAA) were synthesized by SP1 but not SP2, suggesting (1) genotypic differences between the zooxanthellae in SP1 and SP2, and (2) a biosynthetic relationship between these 2 MAAs that we proposed previously. Exposure to UVR alone did not support large-scale biosynthesis of MAAs in S. pistillata, and accumulation of the full suite of MAAs required PAR + UVR; together with an inhibitory effect of DCMU, this indicates that photosynthesis is required for the UV-stimulated, de novo biosynthesis of MAAs. Cultures of zooxanthellae isolated from S. pistillata and exposed to PAR + UVR showed increased levels of shinorine, and some production of mycosporine-glycine. Host extract had no qualitative effect on the MAAs produced by these zooxanthellae.

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“…Such mechanisms may include a high scavenging capacity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) [12,13] and UV-screening substances, e.g. mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA), commonly found in red algae [14,15]. Furthermore, the algae have to adjust their thylakoid membrane fluidity to the prevailing environmental conditions in order to maintain the integrity of these membranes, and thus, a proper operation of the photosynthetic machinery in a highly variable environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acid compositions associated with high-light tolerance in the intertidal rhodophytes Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus

et al. 2017

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The rhodophytes Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus occupy the lower intertidal zone of rocky shores along North Atlantic coastlines, with C. crispus generally occurring slightly deeper. Consequently, M. stellatus is exposed to more variable environmental conditions, related to a generally higher stress tolerance of this species. In order to extend our understanding of seasonal modulation of stress tolerance, we subjected local populations of M. stellatus and C. crispus from Helgoland, North Sea, to short-term high-light stress experiments over the course of a year (October 2011, March, May and August 2012). Biochemical analyses (pigments, antioxidants, total lipids, fatty acid compositions) allowed to reveal mechanisms behind modulated high-light tolerances. Overall, C. crispus was particularly more susceptible to high-light at higher water temperatures (October 2011 and August 2012). Furthermore, speciesspecific differences in antioxidants, total lipid levels and the shorter-chain/longer-chain fatty acid ratio (C14 + C16/ C18 + C20) were detected, which may enhance the tolerance to high-light and other abiotic stress factors in M. stellatus, so that this species is more competitive in the highly variable upper intertidal zone compared to C. crispus. Since the high-light tolerance in C. crispus seemed to be affected by water temperature, interactions between both species may be impacted in the future by rising mean annual sea surface temperature around the island of Helgoland.

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Natural ultraviolet radiation and photosynthetically active radiation induce formation of mycosporine-like amino acids in the marine macroalga Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta)

Cited by 166 publications

References 25 publications

Ultraviolet‐B radiation stimulates shikimate pathway‐dependent accumulation of mycosporine‐like amino acids in the coral Stylophora pistillata despite decreases in its population of symbiotic dinoflagellates

Ultraviolet‐B radiation stimulates shikimate pathway‐dependent accumulation of mycosporine‐like amino acids in the coral Stylophora pistillata despite decreases in its population of symbiotic dinoflagellates

Effects of starvation, ammonium concentration, and photosynthesis on the UV-dependent accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the coral Stylophora pistillata

Fatty acid compositions associated with high-light tolerance in the intertidal rhodophytes Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus

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