Natural variation of polyglutamine repeats of a circadian clock gene ELF3 in Arabidopsis

Tajima, Takeomi; Oda, Atsushi; Nakagawa, Mayu; Kamada, Hiroshi; Mizoguchi, Tsuyoshi

doi:10.5511/plantbiotechnology.24.237

Cited by 26 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Despite their potential for pathogenicity, variable polyQ tracts occur frequently in eukaryotic proteins, many of them functioning in development and transcription (1,(13)(14)(15). Model organism studies have suggested that coding TRs are an important source of quantitative genetic variation that facilitates evolutionary adaptation (1,(16)(17)(18)(19). For example, TR copy number variation in the yeast gene FLO1 correlates linearly with flocculation (20), a phenotype that is important for stress survival (17).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…To determine the phenotypic impact of naturally occurring polyQ variation (18,22,23) in a genetically tractable model, we focused on the gene EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), which encodes a polyQ tract that is highly variable across divergent Arabidopsis thaliana strains (accessions) (19,24). ELF3 is a core component of the circadian clock and a potent repressor of flowering, and is considered a "hub protein" for its many interactions with various proteins (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…SNPs in ELF3 affect shade avoidance, a fitness-relevant plant trait (24,33). ELF3 polyQ variation has been suggested to correlate with two parameters of the circadian clock: period and phase (19). The ELF3 polyQ tract may mediate ELF3 membership in protein complexes, although thus far no ELF3-binding protein is known to bind it (26,(28)(29)(30).…”

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Background-dependent effects of polyglutamine variation in the Arabidopsis thaliana gene ELF3

Undurraga

Press

Legendre

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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Tandem repeats (TRs) have extremely high mutation rates and are often considered to be neutrally evolving DNA. However, in coding regions, TR copy number mutations can significantly affect phenotype and may facilitate rapid adaptation to new environments. In several human genes, TR copy number mutations that expand polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts beyond a certain threshold cause incurable neurodegenerative diseases. PolyQ-containing proteins exist at a considerable frequency in eukaryotes, yet the phenotypic consequences of natural variation in polyQ tracts that are not associated with disease remain largely unknown. Here, we use Arabidopsis thaliana to dissect the phenotypic consequences of natural variation in the polyQ tract encoded by EARLY FLOWERING 3 ( ELF3 ), a key developmental gene. Changing ELF3 polyQ tract length affected complex ELF3-dependent phenotypes in a striking and nonlinear manner. Some natural ELF3 polyQ variants phenocopied elf3 loss-of-function mutants in a common reference background, although they are functional in their native genetic backgrounds. To test the existence of background-specific modifiers, we compared the phenotypic effects of ELF3 polyQ variants between two divergent backgrounds, Col and Ws, and found dramatic differences. In fact, the Col- ELF3 allele, encoding the shortest known ELF3 polyQ tract, was haploinsufficient in Ws × Col F 1 hybrids. Our data support a model in which variable polyQ tracts drive adaptation to internal genetic environments.

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Background-dependent effects of polyglutamine variation in the Arabidopsis thaliana gene ELF3

Undurraga

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Legendre

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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“…Therefore, we performed mutagenesis of lhy cca1 seeds with EMS and screening of putative enhancers and suppressors of the clock mutant. Use of natural populations has several advantages for the discovery of genes affecting circadian rhythms of leaf movements, flowering time, and light responses (Koornneef et al 2004;Maloof et al 2001;Tajima et al 2007).Under LL, lhy cca1 plants produced more leaves before the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase than did wild-type, lhy, and cca1 plants ( Figure 1A; Fujiwara et al 2008). To identify enhancers of the late-flowering phenotype of lhy cca1 by using natural The lhy-11 cca1-1 (Ler) was crossed with Col gl1, and F 1 plants were self-fertilized.…”

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Possible involvement of FLC in natural variation of activity to enhance the late flowering phenotype of the clock mutant lhy cca1 under continuous light

Tajima

Yoshida

Oda

et al. 2010

Plant Biotechnology

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LHY and CCA1 play key roles in circadian clock functions and photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis. Double loss of function of LHY and CCA1 genes (lhy cca1) accelerated flowering under long days or short days, but the lhy cca1 delayed flowering time under constant-light (LL) conditions. FCA encodes an RNA binding protein that plays key roles in the autonomous pathway. Loss of function of FCA increases mRNA level of a major floral repressor gene, FLC. A mutation in FLC gene partially suppressed the late flowering phenotype of the lhy cca1 in LL. Based on this result, we have proposed that FLC may be involved in this process. Increased level of FLC mRNA in fca is responsible for the delay of flowering and the late flowering phenotype of the fca is suppressed by vernalization. In this paper, we isolated an enhancer of the lateflowering phenotype of the lhy cca1 in LL based on natural variation of two Arabidopsis accessions, Columbia and Landsberg erecata. The enhancer was named ELLCL and mapped near the FLC. This result suggested that the gene responsive to ELLCL might be FLC and was consistent with our previous results. The late-flowering phenotype of lhy cca1 was insensitive to vernalization. By contrast, flowering time of the fca was accelerated by vernalization as reported. These results suggested that posttranslational, but not the transcriptional, regulation of FLC might be involved in this process. Key words: CCA1, circadian rhythms, FLC, LHY, natural variation.Plant Biotechnology 27, 455-461 (2010) Short CommunicationAbbreviations: CCA1, CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1; FLC, FLOWERING LOCUS C; LHY, LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL; LD, long-days, LL, continuous light, SD, short-days; SVP, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE. This article can be found at http://www.jspcmb.jp/ the late-flowering phenotype of lhy cca1 under LL by both ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and genetic analysis. Based on our results, we proposed novel roles of the oscillator components LHY and CCA1 in the control of flowering time through the ELF3-SVP/FLC pathway in Arabidopsis (Mizoguchi and Yoshida 2009).Some mutations in key clock genes resulted in severe defects in clock function and differences between phenotypes of plants with these mutations under conditions of light/dark cycling compared with under LL. These circadian clock mutants include lhy cca1 (Fujiwara et al. 2008;Yoshida et al. 2009), elf3 cry2 (Natsui et al. 2010, and prr9 prr7 prr5 . Petiole length of prr9 prr7 prr5 was longer than that of wild-type plants under LD, but shorter under LL . Both lhy cca1 and elf3 cry2 produced fewer and more leaves than wild-type plants under SD and LL, respectively. Nevertheless, isolation of enhancers and suppressors of these mutants would be important to understand the precise molecular mechanism of inversion in the photoperiodic response type. Therefore, we performed mutagenesis of lhy cca1 seeds with EMS and screening of putative enhancers and suppressors of the clock mutant. Use of natural populations has several advantages for ...

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Roles of Circadian Clock in Developmental Controls and Stress Responses in Arabidopsis

Nefissi

Natsui

Miyata

et al. 2011

Advances in Botanical Research

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Natural variation of polyglutamine repeats of a circadian clock gene ELF3 in Arabidopsis

Cited by 26 publications

References 22 publications

Background-dependent effects of polyglutamine variation in the Arabidopsis thaliana gene ELF3

Background-dependent effects of polyglutamine variation in the Arabidopsis thaliana gene ELF3

Possible involvement of FLC in natural variation of activity to enhance the late flowering phenotype of the clock mutant lhy cca1 under continuous light

Roles of Circadian Clock in Developmental Controls and Stress Responses in Arabidopsis

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