Natural variation of the zygomaticomaxillary complex symmetry in normal individuals

Ho, Jean-Pierre T. F.; Schreurs, Ruud; Aydi, Souhir; Rezai, Roya; Maal, T.J.J.; Wijk, Arjen J. van; Beenen, Ludo F. M.; Dubois, L.; Milstein, Dan M.J.; Becking, A.G.

doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2017.09.017

Cited by 15 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The measured deviations of individually mirrored zygomatic bones are on average 0.9 mm [CBCT, (52)] or even less [CT, (53)]. These deviations are considered acceptable, for example, for the design of orbital/zygomatic bone substitutes (52). The results confirm earlier assessments of craniofacial asymmetry using plain radiography and CBCT on skulls of anthropological collections.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Zygoma: Current research shows a remarkable degree of skeletal symmetry for the threedimensional configuration of the zygomatic bone on CBCT images. The measured deviations of individually mirrored zygomatic bones are on average 0.9 mm [CBCT, (52)] or even less [CT, (53)]. These deviations are considered acceptable, for example, for the design of orbital/zygomatic bone substitutes (52).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships of Reference Points, Planes and Skull Symmetry on Posterior-anterior Cephalograms in Healthy Young Adults

Friedrich

Christ

Scheuer³

2021

In Vivo

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Background: Radiological cephalometry is an important diagnostic tool for analyzing the shape and proportions of the skull. Standardized teleradiography of the skull in posterior-anterior (PA) projection provides orientation data on the symmetry and vertical relations of the skull. The comparison of individual findings with normal values places high demands on the selection of a control group. The aim of this study was to characterize a group to be used as a standard for cephalometric comparisons. Patients and Methods: PA teleradiographs of 23 healthy young adults were analyzed. Distances from reference measuring points to the median sagittal plane and the orbital horizontal plane were made. All individuals showed ideal occlusion. None of the participants had been subjected to orthodontic therapy or craniomaxillofacial surgery. Results: The measurement results showed a high degree of lateral symmetry of the skeletal reference points and planes. Comparison of the vertical reference lines confirmed the symmetrical constitution of the facial skeleton. Conclusion:The study group is suitable for comparison with the cephalometric evaluations of other study groups. Skull examinations are an essential part of anthropological studies (1). Standardized radiological skull examination is an 2227This article is freely accessible online.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships of Reference Points, Planes and Skull Symmetry on Posterior-anterior Cephalograms in Healthy Young Adults

Friedrich

Christ

Scheuer³

2021

In Vivo

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“…The challenge of achieving adequate aligning may furthermore be circumvented with semi-automatic methods, such as the previously described iterative closest point algorithm or other methods of landmark-independent surface-based analysis. 9,29 These methods have however mostly focused on measuring general ZMC asymmetry and not the external surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Volume Difference Along the External Surface of the Zygomatic Bone: A Novel Method of Measuring Zygomatic Bone Asymmetry

Rahbin

Toufani

Al-Khabbaz

et al. 2021

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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This study introduced the volume difference along the external surface (VDAES) of the zygomatic bone as a novel approach to assess zygomatic bone asymmetry and was the first to describe a distinctive, 4-step method of measuring it. VDAES has a potential to be used as an objective tool to evaluate dislocation and can assist surgeons in predicting risks of long-term cosmetic complications in patients with zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. After having measured 100 healthy study participants, the observed median VDAES was 1.48 cm 3 for all study participants, 2.02 cm 3 for males, and 1.09 cm 3 for females, with the gender difference being significant (P ¼ 0.003). Additional studies are needed to test the hypothesis of whether VDAES is more relevant than conventional methods of clinically evaluating zygomatic bone asymmetry.

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“…This might explain the lower MSD reported in these studies. [14][15][16] In our study the ACF is used as reference-area for placing the mirrored contralateral ZMC in the symmetrical position. The ACF surface is selected so that a part of the object surface is perpendicular to all 3 axes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Method for Quantitative Three-Dimensional Analysis of Zygomatico-Maxillary Complex Symmetry

Kort

Hout

Harkel

et al. 2021

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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Objective: To develop a reliable and accurate method to quantify the symmetry of the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC). Methods: Virtual three-dimensional models were created from 53 computed-tomography scans: 15 healthy cases without maxillofacial disorders and 38 patients with ZMC fractures requiring surgical treatment.Asymmetry of the ZMC was measured using a mirroring and surface-based matching technique that uses the anterior cranial fossa as reference to determine the symmetrical position of the ZMC. The measure for ZMC asymmetry was defined as mean surface distance (MSD) between the ZMC-surface and the symmetrical position.Reliability of the method was tested in the 15 healthy cases. Interand intra-observer correlation coefficients (Ce) and variabilities were assessed. Accuracy was assessed by comparing ZMC asymmetry between healthy and ZMC fracture cases, and by assessing correlation of ZMC fracture severity with ZMC asymmetry. Results: The average MSD of the 15 healthy cases was 1.40 ± 0.54 mm and the average MSD of the 38 ZMC fracture cases was 2.69 ± 0.95 mm (P < 0.01). Zygomaticomaxillary complex asymmetry correlated with fracture severity (P = 0.01). Intrarater CC was 0.97 with an intra-rater variability of 0.09 ± 0.11 mm. Inter-rater Ce was 0.95 with an inter-rater variability of 0.12 ± 0.13 mm.Conclusions: Our method is reliable and accurate for quantitative three-dimensional analysis of ZMC-symmetry. It takes into account asymmetry caused by the shape of the ZMC as well as asymmetry caused by the position of the ZMC. Clinical relevance: This method is useful for the evaluation of ZMC asymmetry associated with congenital and acquired disorders of craniofacial skeleton, for surgical planning and for evaluation of postoperative results.

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Natural variation of the zygomaticomaxillary complex symmetry in normal individuals

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

Relationships of Reference Points, Planes and Skull Symmetry on Posterior-anterior Cephalograms in Healthy Young Adults

Relationships of Reference Points, Planes and Skull Symmetry on Posterior-anterior Cephalograms in Healthy Young Adults

The Volume Difference Along the External Surface of the Zygomatic Bone: A Novel Method of Measuring Zygomatic Bone Asymmetry

A Novel Method for Quantitative Three-Dimensional Analysis of Zygomatico-Maxillary Complex Symmetry

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