Natural variations of FT family genes in soybean varieties covering a wide range of maturity groups

Jiang, Bingjun; Zhang, Shouwei; Song, Wenwen; Khan, Mohammad Abdul Awal; Sun, Shi; Zhang, Chengsheng; Wu, Tingting; Wu, Cunxiang; Han, Tianfu

doi:10.1186/s12864-019-5577-5

Cited by 33 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Sequence polymorphisms have been analyzed in the promoters and genic regions of FT2a and FT5a for various soybean cultivars [8, 9, 26, 28, 49]. Because AK16 possessed the alleles from K3 at both the FT2a and FT5a loci, we compared these sequences in AGS292 and K3 to identify QTL candidates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intervals between the left and right markers of respective QTLs contained from 30 annotated genes in qDTF-16-1 to 167 annotated genes in qDTF-10 annotated genes including several orthologues of Arabidopsis flowering genes (S2 Table). However, these three genes may be probable candidates responsible for the QTLs, because their allelic effects on flowering have been revealed in diverse genetic backgrounds [8, 9, 20, 22, 26, 28, 67].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the non-synonymous nucleotide substitution at exon 4 from guanine to adenine, which converts the glycine to the aspartic acid at the 169 th aa residue, was highly associated with the late-flowering habit in the world-mini soybean core collection [9] and 127 varieties evenly covering diverse maturity groups [8]. The resequencing analyses detected diverse DNA polymorphisms between AGS292 and K3, including the indels of 20 bp and 10 bp in the promoter and 5′ UTR, respectively, as well as the non-synonymous SNP at exon 4, in which K3 possessed adenine (Fig 5), as in the late-flowering cultivars tested by Jiang et al [8] and Ogiso-Tanaka et al [9]. The aa substitutions in the external loop of the FT protein convert its function from a floral activator to a repressor [71, 72].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and quantitative trait locus mapping of late-flowering from a Thai soybean cultivar introduced into a photoperiod-insensitive genetic background

Sun

Park

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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The timing of both flowering and maturation determine crop adaptability and productivity. Soybean (Glycine max) is cultivated across a wide range of latitudes. The molecular-genetic mechanisms for flowering in soybean have been determined for photoperiodic responses to long days (LDs), but remain only partially determined for the delay of flowering under short-day conditions, an adaptive trait of cultivars grown in lower latitudes. Here, we characterized the late-flowering (LF) habit introduced from the Thai cultivar K3 into a photoperiod-insensitive genetic background under different photo-thermal conditions, and we analyzed the genetic basis using quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. The LF habit resulted from a basic difference in the floral induction activity and from the suppression of flowering, which was caused by red light-enriched LD lengths and higher temperatures, during which FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) orthologs, FT2a and FT5a, were strongly down-regulated. QTL mapping using gene-specific markers for flowering genes E2, FT2a and FT5a and 829 single nucleotide polymorphisms obtained from restriction-site associated DNA sequencing detected three QTLs controlling the LF habit. Of these, a QTL harboring FT2a exhibited large and stable effects under all the conditions tested. A resequencing analysis detected a nonsynonymous substitution in exon 4 of FT2a from K3, which converted the glycine conserved in FT-like proteins to the aspartic acid conserved in TERMINAL FLOWER 1-like proteins (floral repressors), suggesting a functional depression in the FT2a protein from K3. The effects of the remaining two QTLs, likely corresponding to E2 and FT5a, were environment dependent. Thus, the LF habit from K3 may be caused by the functional depression of FT2a and the down-regulation of two FT genes by red light-enriched LD conditions and high temperatures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Characterization and quantitative trait locus mapping of late-flowering from a Thai soybean cultivar introduced into a photoperiod-insensitive genetic background

Sun

Park

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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“…Nevertheless, two important components of flowering regulatory network, PIF4 and LD , showed an opposite association, opening up the development potential for white lupin breeders. Taking into consideration the results of studies obtained for other legume species, such as narrow-leafed lupin or soybean [ 34 , 79 , 98 ], resequencing of candidate genes in wider germplasm background, including also promoter regions, could be valuable by providing novel alleles conferring early or intermediate phenology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Control of Early Flowering in White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.)

Rychel-Bielska

Surma

Bielski

et al. 2021

IJMS

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White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is a pulse annual plant cultivated from the tropics to temperate regions for its high-protein grain as well as a cover crop or green manure. Wild populations are typically late flowering and have high vernalization requirements. Nevertheless, some early flowering and thermoneutral accessions were found in the Mediterranean basin. Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) explaining flowering time variance were identified in bi-parental population mapping, however, phenotypic and genotypic diversity in the world collection has not been addressed yet. In this study, a diverse set of white lupin accessions (n = 160) was phenotyped for time to flowering in a controlled environment and genotyped with PCR-based markers (n = 50) tagging major QTLs and selected homologs of photoperiod and vernalization pathway genes. This survey highlighted quantitative control of flowering time in white lupin, providing statistically significant associations for all major QTLs and numerous regulatory genes, including white lupin homologs of CONSTANS, FLOWERING LOCUS T, FY, MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1, PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4, SKI-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1, and VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 3. This revealed the complexity of flowering control in white lupin, dispersed among numerous loci localized on several chromosomes, provided economic justification for future genome-wide association studies or genomic selection rather than relying on simple marker-assisted selection.

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“…FT2a and FT5a contain rich nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter and coding regions, some of which are associated with different flowering times among cultivars (Takeshima et al, 2016;Zhao et al, 2016;Jiang et al, 2019;Ogiso-Tanaka et al, 2019;. Genetic variation in flowering time among soybean cultivars is therefore attributable to the allelic diversity at loci involved in the PHYA-E1 module (E1, E3, and E4), as well as E2 and two floral integrators, FT2a and FT5a (Cao et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Soybean Deletion Mutant That Moderates the Repression of Flowering by Cool Temperatures

Zhang

Dwiyanti

et al. 2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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Ambient growing temperature and photoperiod are major environmental stimuli that summer annual crops use to adjust their reproductive phenology so as to maximize yield. Variation in flowering time among soybean (Glycine max) cultivars results mainly from allelic diversity at loci that control photoperiod sensitivity and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) orthologs. However, variation in the thermal regulation of flowering and its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we identified a novel mutant (ef1) that confers altered thermal regulation of flowering in response to cool ambient temperatures. Mapping analysis with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers located the mutation in the upper part of chromosome 19, where no QTL for flowering has been previously reported. Fine-mapping and re-sequencing revealed that the mutation was caused by deletion of a 214 kbp genomic region that contains 11 annotated genes, including CONSTANS-LIKE 2b (COL2b), a soybean ortholog of Arabidopsis CONSTANS. Comparison of flowering times under different photo-thermal conditions revealed that early flowering in the mutant lines was most distinct under cool ambient temperatures. The expression of two FT orthologs, FT2a and FT5a, was dramatically downregulated by cool temperature, but the magnitude of the downregulation was lower in the mutant lines. Cool temperatures upregulated COL2b expression or delayed peak expression, particularly at the fourth trifoliate-leaf stage. Intriguingly, they also upregulated E1, a soybean-specific repressor of FT orthologs. Our results suggest that the ef1 mutation is involved in thermal regulation of flowering in response to cool ambient temperature, and the lack of COL2b in the mutant likely alleviates the repression of flowering by cool temperature. The ef1 mutant can be used as a novel gene resource in breeding soybean cultivars adapted to cool climate and in research to improve our understanding of thermal regulation of flowering in soybean.

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Natural variations of FT family genes in soybean varieties covering a wide range of maturity groups

Cited by 33 publications

References 46 publications

Characterization and quantitative trait locus mapping of late-flowering from a Thai soybean cultivar introduced into a photoperiod-insensitive genetic background

Characterization and quantitative trait locus mapping of late-flowering from a Thai soybean cultivar introduced into a photoperiod-insensitive genetic background

Quantitative Control of Early Flowering in White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.)

A Soybean Deletion Mutant That Moderates the Repression of Flowering by Cool Temperatures

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