Naturalization policies, citizenship regimes, and the regulation of belonging in anxious societies

Problematika Hak Atas Kewarganegaraan Kehormatan Honorary Citizenship Di Indonesia: Implementasi Dan Dampaknya

“…2 Selain itu, elemen penting dalam konteks kewarganegaraan berkaitan dengan konsep dasar kewarganegaraan sebagai suatu hubungan yang bersifat terperinci atau spesifik diantara individu dan negara. 3 Hubungan tersebut sejatinya memuat terkait dengan hak dan kewajiban yang bersifat timbal balik, serta dapat menjadi daya pembeda degan individu yang tidak memiliki status sebagai warga negara.…”

“…(2) The authority to grant honorary citizenship. (3) In the context of losing honorary citizenship status status.…”

“…Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvad University Press. h. 227 3. McDougal, M. S., Lasswell, H. D., & Chen, L. C. (1973) 4.…”

Anxious Vigilance and the Production of (Il)legitimacy in the UK Citizenship Regime

“…Over the past two decades, a well-documented shift has taken place in these citizenship processes and practices, both in the UK and beyond. Typically, these have involved increasingly onerous bureaucratic and fi nancial barriers to accessing citizenship and progressively "culturalized" (Bassel et al 2020) processes through which citizen-candidates are required to pass. In the UK, the applicant must now satisfy an extensive set of eligibility criteria, pay an exclusionary application fee (currently at least a minimum of £1,330), undertake the (frequently reformulated) Life in the United Kingdom testing regime, document their English language profi ciency, and attend a compulsory ceremony in which they make a verbal pledge to be "faithful" to the UK (MacGregor and Bailey 2012).…”

“…Second, and signifi cantly for this article, these newly instituted citizenship requirements indicate an important shift in the articulation of national citizenship: this is not citizenship as a broadly bureaucratic legal-political marker predicated on length of residence in the country but instead as a rather more complex "ontological process" (Fortier 2017), a process through which the citizen-candidate is called to evidence their legitimacy not only in legislative/bureaucratic terms but also in normative terms. "Citizenization, " as Anne-Marie Fortier (2017) terms it, requires the citizen-candidate to display and evidence characteristics of "responsibility, selfimprovement and productivity" (Bassel et al 2020: 2) by documenting their linguistic proficiency and their knowledge of and submission to the skills and values deemed central to the UK narrative, and demonstrating a commitment to the nation never previously demanded. Th ere is an aff ective dimension here that scholars such as Fortier (2013,2017) emphasize, with citizenship increasingly constituting a "site of emotional investment" (2013: 697) both on the part of the citizen, and indeed on the part of the nation-state itself.…”