Naturally Acquired Yellow Fever in Wild Monkeys of Costa Rica 1

Yellow fever outbreak affecting Alouatta populations in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State), 2008–2009

“…Similar incidents were reported in Guatemala (1918) and Honduras (1921) [Agramonte, 1924]. Brazil had severe epizootics in the State of Minas Gerais (1936–1937 and 1945) when howlers were badly affected and in RGS, when many hundreds of Alouatta died in 1947 [Collias & Southwick, 1952; Vargas‐Mendez & Elton, 1953]. In Nicaragua, a large epizootic event was associated with a human YF death.…”

“…In Nicaragua, a large epizootic event was associated with a human YF death. During the same time, 69% of samples taken from NHP by Vargas‐Mendez and Elton [1953] and 53% of samples by Elton [1952] had evidence of YF (the outbreak occurred in 1951–1952). These values were similar to our general detection rate.…”

“…Large die‐offs in NHP populations have been associated with YF, especially those affecting the genus Alouatta [Agostini et al, 2008; Anderson & Downs, 1965; Bejarano, 1979; Collias & Southwick, 1952; Dégallier et al, 1992; Elton, 1952; Holzmann et al, 2010; Mendes, 1989; Rifakis et al, 2006; Soper, 1979; Vargas‐Mendez & Elton, 1953; Vasconcelos et al, 2001; Viégas Sallis et al, 2003]. Even in cases in which dead or sick monkeys are not reported, evidence of YFV circulation in NHP populations can be detected based on the presence of YFV‐specific antibodies and/or virus isolation [Boshell & Groot, 1957; de Thoisy et al, 2001; Kumm & Laemmert, 1950; Pinheiro et al, 1981; Vasconcelos et al, 2001].…”

“…Despite the scarcity of data, the first cases of YF in humans in Rio Grande do Sul (RGS), Brazil's southern most state, occurred in 1850 [Franco, 1976]. Later, outbreaks were detected affecting NHP in 1947 [Collias & Southwick, 1952; Vargas‐Mendez & Elton, 1953] and humans in 1948 and 1966, when six cases and several epizootics were reported in RGS and in other South American countries, including Argentina [Bejarano, 1979; Nobre et al, 1994; Soper, 1979]. After a 35‐year hiatus, in 2001 YF attacked forest‐dwelling NHP in the northwestern region of RGS.…”

Avaliação do impacto da epizootia de Febre Amarela sobre as populações de primatas não humanos nas unidades de conservação do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

“…Há relatos de mortalidades em primatas devido à febre amarela, incluindo aquelas que afetaram bugios, mas muitas vezes o número de animais afetados é incerto (COLLIAS; SOUTHWICK, 1952;ELTON, 1952;VARGAS-MENDEZ;ELTON, 1953;ANDERSON;DOWNS, 1965;BEJARANO, 1979;SOPER, 1979;MENDES, 1989;DÉGALLIER et al, 1992a;1992b;VASCONCELOS et al, 2001;COLOMBIA, 2002;BRYANT et al, 2003;SALLIS et al, 2003a;RIFAKIS et al, 2006;AGOSTINI et al, 2008;HOLZMANN et al, 2010). No mais recente surto, a partir dos primeiros registros em Misiones, Argentina (HOLZMANN et al, 2010) a propagação do VFA no Rio Grande do Sul tomou sentido oeste-leste, com a detecção de FA em primatas avançando pelo Estado ao ritmo de 100km/ mês (ALMEIDA et al, 2012).…”