“…In the related literature, metaheuristic algorithms and their improved versions are used for multi-level segmentation. Such as artificial bee colony (ABC) [44], genetic algorithms (GA) [40], honey bee mating optimization (HBMO) [17], modified firefly algorithm (MFA) [15], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [30], bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) [45], differential evolution (DE) algorithms [25], wind-driven optimization(WDO) [24], cuckoo search (CS) algorithms [31], ant colony algorithm (ACO) [11], grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) [27], self-adaptive parameter optimization (SAPO) [8], electromagnetism-like optimization (EMO) algorithm [16], and glowworm swarm optimization (GSO) algorithms [29]. Some other interesting approaches that successfully segment digital images are based on modern MA as the Coronavirus Optimization Algorithm combined with Harris Hawks Optimizer [18], the improved modified Differential Evolution (MDE) [35], the directional mutation and crossover boosted ant colony optimization (XMACO) [34], the Harris Hawks Optimizer (HHO) [36], the Mutated Electromagnetic Field Optimization (MEFO) [4] or the Altruistic Harris Hawks Optimizer [5].…”