Nature and strength of epidemiological evidence for origins of childhood and adulthood obesity in the first year of life

Stettler, Nicolas

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803659

Cited by 118 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…For instance, faster weight gain in infancy (upward centile crossing for weight) is associated with a greater risk of later obesity in more than thirty studies (summarised in five systematic reviews, (8)(9)(10)(11)(12) including an individual-level meta-analysis in 47 661 participants from ten cohorts (11) ). This association is seen for the main components of the metabolic syndrome, in breast-fed and formula-fed populations, in high-and low-income countries representing many different ethnic groups (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) , and is consistent for cohorts during the past 80 years (8) . The association is biologically plausible and experimentally reproducible in several animal models (7) .…”

Section: Proceedings Of the Nutrition Societymentioning

confidence: 60%

“…This association is seen for the main components of the metabolic syndrome, in breast-fed and formula-fed populations, in high-and low-income countries representing many different ethnic groups (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) , and is consistent for cohorts during the past 80 years (8) . The association is biologically plausible and experimentally reproducible in several animal models (7) . For example, in mice faster growth during lactation, after growth restriction in the fetal period, alters the expression of several genes encoding enzymes involved in lipid/carbohydrate metabolism (28) .…”

Section: Proceedings Of the Nutrition Societymentioning

confidence: 60%

“…However, recent evidence from animal models and epidemiological data from human subjects has led to the hypothesis that nutrition in early life (prepregnancy, pregnancy and infancy) rather than in adults may also impact the long-term risk of obesity, CVD and type 2 diabetes (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) . Optimising nutrition during critical windows early in life could therefore provide a new opportunity for primary prevention and hence reduce life-time risk of NCD .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of infant nutrition in the global epidemic of non-communicable disease

Singhal

2016

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Non-communicable diseases (NCD) and atherosclerotic CVD in particular, are the most important health problems of the 21st century. Already in every world region except Africa, NCD account for greater mortality than communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions combined. Although modifiable lifestyle factors in adults are the main determinants, substantial evidence now suggests that factors in early life also have a major role in the development of NCD; commonly referred to as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. Factors in utero, early postnatal life and throughout childhood, have been shown to affect NCD by influencing risk factors for CVD such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Infant nutrition (e.g. breastfeeding rather than bottle feeding) and a slower pattern of infant weight gain have been shown to be particularly protective against later risk of obesity and CVD in both low-and high-income countries. The mechanisms involved are poorly understood, but include epigenetic changes; effects on endocrine systems regulating body weight, food intake and fat deposition; and changes in appetite regulation. As a consequence, strategies to optimise early life nutrition could make a major contribution to stemming the current global epidemic of NCD. This review will consider the role of early life factors in the development of NCD, focusing on the impact of infant nutrition/growth on obesity and CVD. The review will highlight the experimental (randomised) evidence where available, briefly summarise the underlying mechanisms involved and consider the implications for public health.

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Section: Proceedings Of the Nutrition Societymentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Proceedings Of the Nutrition Societymentioning

confidence: 60%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of infant nutrition in the global epidemic of non-communicable disease

Singhal

2016

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…With regards to postnatal care, weight gain of early‐term infants with CCHD, even if only mildly growth restricted, should be followed carefully. However, it is unclear what postnatal growth trajectory should be targeted since there is some evidence that early catch‐up growth in SGA infants might be associated with childhood and adulthood obesity 34, 35. Further studies are needed to address these important questions in infants with CCHD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Fetal Growth on 1‐Year Mortality in Neonates With Critical Congenital Heart Disease

Steurer

Baer

Burke

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundInfants with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) are more likely to be small for gestational age (GA). It is unclear how this affects mortality. The authors investigated the effect of birth weight Z score on 1‐year mortality separately in preterm (GA <37 weeks), early‐term (GA 37–38 weeks), and full‐term (GA 39–42 weeks) infants with CCHD.Methods and ResultsLive‐born infants with CCHD and GA 22 to 42 weeks born in California 2007–2012 were included in the analysis. The primary predictor was Z score for birth weight and the primary outcome was 1‐year mortality. Multivariable logistic regression was used. Results are presented as adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The authors identified 6903 infants with CCHD. For preterm and full‐term infants, only a Z score for birth weight <−2 was associated with increased mortality compared with the reference group (Z score 0–0.5, adjusted odds ratio, 2.15 [95% CI, 1.1–4.21] and adjusted odds ratio, 3.93 [95% CI, 2.32–6.68], respectively). In contrast, in early‐term infants, the adjusted odds ratios for Z scores <−2, −2 to −1, and −1 to −0.5 were 3.42 (95% CI, 1.93–6.04), 1.78 (95% CI, 1.12–2.83), and 2.03 (95% CI, 1.27–3.23), respectively, versus the reference group.Conclusions GA seems to modify the effect of birth weight Z score on mortality in infants with CCHD. In preterm and full‐term infants, only the most severe small‐for‐GA infants (Z score <−2) were at increased risk for mortality, while, in early‐term infants, the risk extended to mild to moderate small‐for‐GA infants (Z score <−0.5). This information helps to identify high‐risk infants and is useful for surgical planning.

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“…Particular interest over the past decade in the persisting long-term benefits of breast-feeding during childhood and even adulthood lends further support to the promotion of the practice (2,11) . Well-designed studies using large sample sizes, follow-up to preschool age, and appropriate adjustment for important potential confounding factors suggest a modest protective effect of having been breast-fed on later obesity risk (12)(13)(14) .…”

Section: Breast-feeding Practices: Initiation Determinants: Irelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Session 1: Public health nutrition Breast-feeding practices in Ireland

Tarrant¹,

Kearney²

2008

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Breast-feeding is the superior infant feeding method from birth, with research consistently demonstrating its numerous short-and long-term health benefits for both mother and infant. As a global recommendation the WHO advises that mothers should exclusively breast-feed for the first 6-months of life, thus delaying the introduction of solids during this time. Historically, Irish breast-feeding initiation rates have remained strikingly low in comparison with international data and there has been little improvement in breast-feeding duration rates. There is wide geographical variation in terms of breast-feeding initiation both internationally and in Ireland. Some of these differences in breast-feeding rates may be associated with differing socio-economic characteristics. A recent cross-sectional prospective study of 561 pregnant women attending a Dublin hospital and followed from the antenatal period to 6 months post partum has found that 47 % of the Irish-national mothers initiated breast-feeding, while only 24 % were still offering 'any' breast milk to their infants at 6 weeks. Mothers' positive antenatal feeding intention to breast-feed is indicated as one of the most important independent determinants of initiation and 'any' breast-feeding at 6 weeks, suggesting that the antenatal period should be targeted as an effective time to influence and affect mothers' attitudes and beliefs pertaining to breast-feeding. These results suggest that the 'cultural' barrier towards breast-feeding appears to still prevail in Ireland and consequently an environment that enables women to breast-feed is far from being achieved. Undoubtedly, a shift towards a more positive and accepting breast-feeding culture is required if national breast-feeding rates are to improve. Breast-feeding practices: Initiation determinants: IrelandBreast-feeding is promoted as the optimal mode of infant feeding for both term and preterm infants (1,2) with shortand long-term health benefits also afforded to the mother (3) . While the evidence for the nutritional benefits of breast-feeding is robust, the practice also confers a number of non-nutritional advantages to young infants relating to the protection against acute infections (4,5) , including neonatal enterocolitis (6) , respiratory illness (7) and otitis media (8,9) , as well as enhanced behavioural and physiological development (10) .Particular interest over the past decade in the persisting long-term benefits of breast-feeding during childhood and even adulthood lends further support to the promotion of the practice (2,11) . Well-designed studies using large sample sizes, follow-up to preschool age, and appropriate adjustment for important potential confounding factors suggest a modest protective effect of having been breast-fed on later obesity risk (12)(13)(14) . Research is also emerging to indicate a link between early feeding mode and risk for CVD in adulthood via a potential early programming mechanism (15,16) . Breast-fed infants have been shown to have decreased systolic (17) and diasto...

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Nature and strength of epidemiological evidence for origins of childhood and adulthood obesity in the first year of life

Cited by 118 publications

References 84 publications

The role of infant nutrition in the global epidemic of non-communicable disease

The role of infant nutrition in the global epidemic of non-communicable disease

Effect of Fetal Growth on 1‐Year Mortality in Neonates With Critical Congenital Heart Disease

Session 1: Public health nutrition Breast-feeding practices in Ireland

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