Nature of anionic sites in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes

Berg, Albert van den; Wal, P. D. van der; Skowrońska-Ptasińska, M.; Sudhölter, Ernst J. R.; Reinhoudt, David N.; Bergveld, Piet

doi:10.1021/ac00150a024

Cited by 131 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…11 Early polymeric membrane electrodes did not contain added ion-exchangers 12 and functioned only satisfactorily because the membrane materials were sufficiently impure to contain ion-exchanger functionalities. 13 Indeed, later experiments with purified membranes containing the well established receptor Valinomycin confirmed the expected breakdown of the desired sensing characteristics. 14 …”

Section: General Principlesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Modern directions for potentiometric sensors

Bakker¹,

Chumbimuni‐Torres²

2008

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Este artigo apresenta uma revisão dos mais recentes progressos dos eletrodos íons-seletivos de membrana polimérica. É discutida uma essência curta da teoria básica, enfatizando como a força eletromotriz pode ser usada para calcular as constantes de ligação do ionóforo, e como a seletividade e o limite de detecção estão relacionados aos processos de membrana mais importantes. Os recentes progressos na diminuição dos limites de detecção dos ISEs são descritos, incluindo recentes tentativas no desenvolvimento de ISEs de contato sólido, e inovações na detecção de quantidades ultra-pequenas de íons em baixas concentrações. Esses progressos têm alçado o caminho para usar sensores potenciométricos em bioanálise com afinidade ultra-sensível junto com nanopartículas usadas como marcadores. Os resultados recentes estabelecem que a potenciometria compara-se favoravelmente com a análise de redissolução eletroquímica. Outros novos progressos com os eletrodos de íon-seletivo são também descritos, incluindo o conceito de potenciometria de calibração interna, coulometria de corrente controlada, cronopotenciometria pulsada, e titulação rápida localizada com membranas íon-seletivas para desenhar sensores de detecção direta da acidez total sem perturbação da amostra. Estes progressos têm aberto um amplo campo para novos desenvolvimentos e aplicações nesta área. This paper gives an overview of the newest developments of polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes. A short essence of the underlying theory is given, emphasizing how the electromotive force may be used to assess binding constants of the ionophore, and how the selectivity and detection limit are related to the basic membrane processes. The recent developments in lowering the detection limits of ISEs are described, including recent approaches of developing all solid state ISEs, and breakthroughs in detecting ultra-small quantities of ions at low concentrations. These developments have paved the way to use potentiometric sensors as in ultra-sensitive affinity bioanalysis in conjunction with nanoparticle labels. Recent results establish that potentiometry compares favorably to electrochemical stripping analysis. Other new developments with ion-selective electrodes are also described, including the concept of backside calibration potentiometry, controlled current coulometry, pulsed chronopotentiometry, and localized flash titration with ion-selective membranes to design sensors for the direct detection of total acidity without net sample perturbation. These developments have further opened the field for exciting new possibilities and applications.

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Section: General Principlesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Modern directions for potentiometric sensors

Bakker¹,

Chumbimuni‐Torres²

2008

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…The presence of ionic sites is commonly used to explain the permselectivity of neutral carrier-based solvent polymeric membranes, which is a prerequisite for ISE responses. A smaller fraction of ionic sites regularly originates from impurities of membrane components, such as the membrane plasticizer or the polymer matrix (e.g., PVC) [35]. The dominating fraction of ionic sites, however, is deliberately incorporated into the membrane in order to improve its performance and characteristics.…”

Section: Charged Sites In Solvent Polymeric Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation criteria for preparation and measurement of macro- and microfabricated ion-selective electrodes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Lindner¹,

Umezawa

2008

Pure and Applied Chemistry

234

168

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Over the last 30 years, IUPAC published several documents with the goal of achieving standardized nomenclature and methodology for potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The ISE vocabulary was formulated, measurement protocols were suggested, and the selectivity coefficients were compiled. However, in light of new discoveries and experimental possibilities in the field of ISEs, some of the IUPAC recommendations have become outdated. The goal of this technical report is to direct attention to ISE practices and the striking need for updated or refined IUPAC recommendations which are consistent with the state of the art of using macro- and microfabricated planar microelectrodes. Some of these ISE practices have never been addressed by IUPAC but have gained importance with the technological and theoretical developments of recent years. In spite of its recognized importance, a generally acceptable revision of the current IUPAC recommendations is far beyond the scope of this work.

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“…In addition, to experimentally confirm the validity of the Donnan failure theory, many investigators have measured potentiometric responses to primary ions with solvent polymeric membranes. Because such solvent polymeric membranes are known to contain at least an uncontrollable amount of ionic impurities, [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] the precise evaluation of the validity of the theory was not feasible. Only little is known, therefore, regarding the practically relevant amount of ionic sites to yield Nernstian response slopes toward primary ions with highly hydrophilic counterions, because the amount of ionic impurities in such polymeric membranes is sufficient to obtain a Nernstian slope to primary ions with hydrophilic counterions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threshold Ionic Site Concentrations Required for Nernstian Potentiometric Responses of Neutral Ionophore-Incorporated Ion-Selective Liquid Membranes

et al. 2001

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An equation that can describe the concentrations of ionic sites required for a Nernstian potentiometric response slope of neutral ionophore-incorporated ion-selective liquid membranes is presented. This equation is derived from a model based on electrical diffuse layers on both the membrane and the aqueous sides of the interface, in which the phase boundary potential is correlated to the surface charge density as well as the salt concentrations in the bulk membrane and aqueous solution. To experimentally and accurately confirm the validity of this equation, response characteristics of field effect transistors covered by neutral ionophore-based liquid membranes with varying concentrations of a derivative of tetraphenylborate as an anionic site but free of ionic impurities were examined. The observed membrane potentials and the response slopes for membranes with various concentrations of anionic sites were in good agreement with the values calculated from the theory presented in this paper with the measured complexation stability constants for the relevant systems. This result indicates that the theoretical prediction based on the proposed equation for the anionic site concentration is accessible for the preparation of neutral ionophore-incorporated ion-selective liquid membranes, which show Nernstian response slopes for the primary ions.

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Nature of anionic sites in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes

Abstract: 2827indicated.Registry No. PABA, carbaryl,

Cited by 131 publications

References 22 publications

Modern directions for potentiometric sensors

Modern directions for potentiometric sensors

Performance evaluation criteria for preparation and measurement of macro- and microfabricated ion-selective electrodes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Threshold Ionic Site Concentrations Required for Nernstian Potentiometric Responses of Neutral Ionophore-Incorporated Ion-Selective Liquid Membranes

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