Nature of expertise in searching mammograms for breast masses

Nodine, Calvin F.; Kundel, Harold L.; Lauver, Sherri; Toto, Lawrence C.

doi:10.1016/s1076-6332(96)80032-8

Cited by 156 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…For example, experts are more likely than novices to ignore conspicuous, but noninformative features of a visual image from their area of expertise (e.g., [14]). Experience and training also influence the search strategy of monkeys, as well as the concomitant neural selection process in FEF [15].…”

Section: A Expectancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural mechanisms of top-down selection during visual search

Bichot¹

2001

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Abstract-The brain's representation of visual information depends greatly on the behavioral relevance of the viewed stimuli. While in some instances behavioral significance is derived from conspicuity, in many situations significance depends on top-down factors such as the viewer's goals and knowledge.Studies combining neural recordings and behavioral observations have begun to elucidate how the brain selects visual stimuli based on top-down information. While many visual areas of the brain that are selective for visual attributes participate in the selection process, the outcome of the selection process across these areas appears to be represented in structures like the frontal eye field, a key stage in the transformation of visual selection into a command to move the eyes. Evidence shows that the frontal eye field exhibits all the characteristics of a visual salience map in which the behavioral significance of stimuli derived from bottom-up and top-down influences is represented. The patterns of neural modulation in structures like the frontal eye field can be used to design more efficient machine-vision algorithms for target selection.Keywords-Visual selection, attention, eye movements, saccade, cognition, memory, salience map, frontal eye field INTRODUCTIONDespite our subjective feeling that we "see" everything within our field of vision, not every part of a visual scene is processed to the same degree [1], [2]. Instead, we attend to objects of interest while ignoring irrelevant ones. Influences on visual selection can be broadly divided into bottom-up and top-down categories. While bottom-up influences are derived from the intrinsic conspicuity of features in a visual scene (e.g., a bright stimulus), top-down influences are derived from the goals and knowledge of the viewer. A large body of literature shows that eye movements reflect cognitive processes during various viewing contexts, which include visual search [3], natural scene perception [4], and reading [5].Neural mechanisms underlying visual selection have been investigated extensively. Correlates of visual selection appear to be reflected in nearly all visual or visualassociation areas (for reviews, see [6], [7]), and perhaps even as early as V1 (e.g., [8]). Except for those at the earliest stages of the visual system, most of these areas project to the frontal eye field (FEF) [9], which appears to be one of the highest points of convergence of the dorsal and ventral visual information streams in the brain [10]. In turn, FEF projects strongly to brainstem oculomotor structures [11], and thus is ideally positioned to transform the outcome of visual processing into a command to move the eyes. Neural correlates of bottom-up selection in FEF have been reviewed [12]. This paper focuses on studies demonstrating selection in FEF based on top-down factors, completing the argument that this area contains a visual salience map in which behavioral significance, regardless of its source, is represented. NEURAL MECHANISMS OF TOP-DOWN SELECTION DURING VISUAL SEA...

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Section: A Expectancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural mechanisms of top-down selection during visual search

Bichot¹

2001

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…Specifically, expertise can affect various aspects of the ocular exploratory behaviour, such as the number, duration, and especially the spatial distribution of fixations. Such expertise-modulated gaze pattern differences have been observed between expert and novice observers when they look at pictures or art pieces (Zangemeister, Sherman, & Stark, 1995;Vogt & Magnussen, 2007;Humphrey & Underwood, 2009;Pihko et al, 2011), watch sports videos (Crespi, Robino, Silva, & de'Sperati, 2012), read music (Waters, Underwood, & Findlay, 1997), interpret medical images (Nodine, Kundel, Lauver, & Toto, 1996;Donovan & Manning, 2007;Kundel, Nodine, Krupinski, & Mello-Thomas, 2008;Matsumoto et al, 2011;Wood, Batt, Appelboam, Harris, & Wilson, 2014), drive (Underwood, 1998;Nabatilan, Aghazadeh, Nimbarte, Harvey, & Chowdhury, 2012), or play chess (Reingold, Charness, Pomplun, & Stampe, 2001). For instance, in comparison with laypersons, experienced radiologists tend to adopt a more global gaze strategy to 5 examine mammography images in detecting breast cancer (Kundel et al, 2008), arttrained viewers often scan a larger surface of representational paintings and give higher aesthetic rating when evaluating abstract paintings (Pihko et al, 2011), and the experienced drivers fixate more on the front and centre view, and make fewer driving errors when facing visual distraction (Nabatilan et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dog owners show experience-based viewing behaviour in judging dog face approachability

Gavin

Houghton

Guo

2015

Psychological Research

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Our prior visual experience plays a critical role in face perception. We show superior perceptual performance for differentiating conspecific (vs non-conspecific), own-race (vs other-race) and familiar (vs unfamiliar) faces. However, it remains unclear whether our experience with faces of other species would influence our gaze allocation for extracting salient facial information. In this eye-tracking study, we asked both dogowners and non-owners to judge the approachability of human, monkey and dog faces, and systematically compared their behavioral performance and gaze pattern associated with the task. Compared to non-owners, dog-owners assessed dog faces with shorter time and fewer fixations, but gave higher approachability ratings. The gaze allocation within local facial features was also modulated by the ownership. The averaged proportion of the fixations and viewing time directed at the dog mouth region were significantly less for the dog-owners, and more experienced dog-owners tended to look more at the dog eyes, suggesting the adoption of a prior experience-based viewing behavior for assessing dog approachability. No differences in behavioral performance and gaze pattern were observed between dog-owners and non-owners when judging human and monkey faces, implying the dog-owner's experience-based gaze strategy for viewing dog faces was not transferable across faces of other species.

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“…A consistent finding was that the dermatologists overall had more efficient search than residents generating fewer fixations with lower dwells. This has been observed in radiology and pathology and is considered one of the hallmarks of expertise [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Visual search characteristics often function as predictors of training and diagnostic accuracy [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] in other clinical specialties such as radiology and pathology; thus, one would expect to find differences in other specialties where images are utilized in the diagnostic process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of extending the use of eyetracking methodology to the dermatology field, specifically to the evaluation of individual pigmented lesions through storedand-forward close-up and dermoscopy images.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Visual Search Patterns of Dermatologists Assessing Pigmented Skin Lesions Before and After Online Training

et al. 2014

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The goal of this investigation was to explore the feasibility of characterizing the visual search characteristics of dermatologists evaluating images corresponding to single pigmented skin lesions (PSLs) (close-ups and dermoscopy) as a venue to improve training programs for dermoscopy. Two Board-certified dermatologists and two dermatology residents participated in a phased study. In phase I, they viewed a series of 20 PSL cases ranging from benign nevi to melanoma. The close-up and dermoscopy images of the PSL were evaluated sequentially and rated individually as benign or malignant, while eye position was recorded. Subsequently, the participating subjects completed an online dermoscopy training module that included a pre-and post-test assessing their dermoscopy skills (phase 2). Three months later, the subjects repeated their assessment on the 20 PSLs presented during phase I of the study. Significant differences in viewing time and eyeposition parameters were observed as a function of level of expertise. Dermatologists overall have more efficient search than residents generating fewer fixations with shorter dwells. Fixations and dwells associated with decisions changing from benign to malignant or vice versa from photo to dermatoscopic viewing were longer than any other decision, indicating increased visual processing for those decisions. These differences in visual search may have implications for developing tools to teach dermatologists and residents about how to better utilize dermoscopy in clinical practice.

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Nature of expertise in searching mammograms for breast masses

Cited by 156 publications

References 8 publications

Neural mechanisms of top-down selection during visual search

Neural mechanisms of top-down selection during visual search

Dog owners show experience-based viewing behaviour in judging dog face approachability

Understanding Visual Search Patterns of Dermatologists Assessing Pigmented Skin Lesions Before and After Online Training

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