Nature of the Swelling in the Udder of a Cow at Calving Time

Swett, W. W.; Matthews, C.A.; Graves, R. R.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(38)93026-7

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Nestor et al (1988) stated that animals supplemented with 136 g of NaCl, 136 g of NaCl and 272 g of KHCO 3 , or 23 g of NaCl and 272 g of KHCO 3 , compared with 23 g of NaCl with 0 g of KHCO 3 (control), resulted in first-calf heifers having significantly more severe udder edema than control animals (3.55, 3.20, 3.51, 3.11). Severity was measured using a pitting chart developed by Swett et al (1938). Animals supplemented with these salts also developed edema sooner, and the edema took more time to clear from the udders.…”

Section: Periparturient Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graduate Student Literature Review: Udder edema in dairy cattle—A possible emerging animal welfare issue

Okkema

Grandin

2021

Journal of Dairy Science

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Physiological udder edema is a noninfectious metabolic disorder in dairy cattle, which may be present in a high percentage of dairy cows. This review summarizes the factors associated with udder edema. They include genetics, nutrition, oxidative stress, and physiological changes in freshening heifers. Udder edema negatively affects the productive life of a dairy cow. Udder support structures may be broken down due to tissue damage. Swollen teats may become sensitive, which makes attaching the milking unit more difficult. The amount of milk produced is decreased due to fluid buildup in the tissue spaces. Risk of secondary diseases, such as mastitis or udder cleft dermatitis, is also increased. All of these elements have an economic impact on the dairy farmer, in both the short term and the long term. If severe, damage could lead to early culling. Some possible methods for managing udder edema include (1) providing a separate diet for late-gestation heifers to monitor anionic salt intake, (2) selecting for either genetic lines with lower milk production or a phenotypic reduction of udder edema, and (3) ensuring that adequate exogenous antioxidants, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, carotenoids, and flavonoids, are provided in the diet to mitigate oxidative stress. In conclusion, udder edema may be an emerging issue that has the potential to seriously affect dairy cow welfare. Many of the research studies are outdated, and research with modern dairy cows is needed. The development of a scientifically validated udder edema scoring system is also needed to assess the severity of udder edema.

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Section: Periparturient Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graduate Student Literature Review: Udder edema in dairy cattle—A possible emerging animal welfare issue

Okkema

Grandin

2021

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…The arrangements of the tissues by which the cow's udder is suspended has been described by Swett, Underwood, Matthews & Graves (284) in an article illustrated with eleven excellent photographs and one diagram. The secreting tissue of the udder is supported by seven distinct structures, the skin, the fine alveolar tissue, the coarse alveolar tissue, two lateral suspensory ligaments, two deep lateral sheets, the subpelvic tendon and a double sheet of yellow elastic tissue running medially.…”

Section: ) Anatomical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section A. Physiology of dairy cattle: I. Reproduction and lactation

1945

Journal of Dairy Research

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Some years ago the annual wastage of cows in dairy herds in Britain was estimated by Wright(1) to be approximately 22%, and of this about one-quarter was due to sterility. Recent figures(2) from Shropshire, Staffordshire and Warwickshire suggest that this position has not changed in the past few years. Thus in forty-eight herds containing 1925 cows there were 620 disposals in the 12 months ending September 1940. 23% of the disposals were due to sterility. The annual losses from bovine sterility in Britain have been calculated to be equivalent to £7,000,000 in milk alone. This fact is cited by Day(3) in a concise article on the control of sterility in which he discusses various factors which contribute to the problem. Some of these factors, such as contagious abortion and trichomonas infection, are pathological, but many others are functional or physiological. The present review is concerned only with the latter. Mackintosh (4), in an article on breeding and rearing to maintain the milk supply, summarizes for the practical dairy farmer many of the methods by which the incidence of functional sterility can be reduced. Both Day and Mackintosh emphasize the importance of pregnancy diagnosis, of detecting the short winter oestrus and of testing the fertility of the bull. They also mention that hormone therapy can frequently be used to great advantage for inducing oestrus. Knowledge of these factors and how best to deal with them has greatly increased during the past few years as a result of the work carried out in many research stations throughout the world.

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Immune Surveillance of Mammary Tissue by Phagocytic Cells

Paape¹,

Shafer‐Weaver²,

Capuco

et al. 2002

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

112

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The leukocytes in milk consist of lymphocytes, neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and macrophages. Lymphocytes together with antigen-presenting cells function in the generation of an effective immune response. Lymphocytes can be divided into two distinct subsets, T- and B-lymphocytes, that differ in function and protein products. The professional phagocytic cells of the bovine mammary gland are PMN and macrophages. In the normal mammary gland macrophages are the predominate cells which act as sentinels to invading mastitis causing pathogens. Once the invaders are detected, macrophages release chemical messengers called chemoattractants that cause the directed migration of PMN into the infection. Migration of neutrophils into mammary tissue provides the first immunological line of defense against bacteria that penetrate the physical barrier of the teat canal. However, their presence is like a double-edged sword. While the PMN are phagocytosing and destroying the invading pathogens, they inadvertently release chemicals which induces swelling of secretory epithelium cytoplasm, sloughing of secretory cells, and decreased secretory activity. Permanent scarring will result in a loss of milk production. Resident and newly migrated macrophages help reduce the damage to the epithelium by phagocytosing PMN that undergo programmed cell death through a process called apoptosis. Specific ligands on the neutrophil surface are required for directed migration and phagocytosis. In response to infection, freshly migrated leukocytes express greater numbers of cell surface receptors for immunoglobulins and complement and are more phagocytic than their counterparts in blood. However, phagocytic activity rapidly decreases with continued exposure to inhibitory factors such as milk fat globules and casein in mammary secretions. Compensatory hypertrophy in non-mastitic quarters partially compensates for lost milk production in diseased quarters. Advances in molecular biology are making available the tools, techniques, and products to study and modulate host-parasite interactions. For example the cloning and expression of proteins that bind endotoxin may provide ways of reducing damaging effects of endotoxin during acute coliform mastitis. The successful formation of bifunctional monoclonal antibodies for the targeted lysis of mastitis causing bacteria represents a new line of therapeutics for the control of mastitis in dairy cows.

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Nature of the Swelling in the Udder of a Cow at Calving Time

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Graduate Student Literature Review: Udder edema in dairy cattle—A possible emerging animal welfare issue

Graduate Student Literature Review: Udder edema in dairy cattle—A possible emerging animal welfare issue

Section A. Physiology of dairy cattle: I. Reproduction and lactation

Immune Surveillance of Mammary Tissue by Phagocytic Cells

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