Navigating the Color Palette of Solution-Processable Electrochromic Polymers

Abstract

Solution-processable electrochromic (EC) polymers that can be switched from one distinct color state to a highly transmissive and near colorless state are required for applications in both EC windows and displays. Using a tour around the color wheel, we describe the various EC polymer (ECP) compositions that now make a full palette of colors available demonstrating a set of structure−property relationships. Electrochemical and electrochromic characterization methodologies are described and their application to ECPs demonstrated. Processing and patterning methods including spray casting, screen-, flexo-, and ink jet printing, along with photo- and soft lithography are described. Absorptive/transmissive (window type) and absorptive/reflective (display type) devices are described as platforms for practical applications.

Anion Effects to Electrochromic Properties of Ru-based Metallo-supramolecular Polymers

“…When LiOAc was used, the film was dissolved in the solution due to the high solubility of the prepared polymer with -OAc. The counter anions in the polymers were confirmed by the IR spectra (KBr method; polyRu-TFSI: 650 cm 6 : 840 cm -1 (P-F); polyRu-CO 3 : 1050/1150 cm -1 (C-O)). [12][13][14] 3.…”

“…For the exchange of the counter anion, the polymer film was dip into a deionized water solution including 0.1 M of a lithium salt (LiCl, LiTFSI, CF 3 SO 3 Li, LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , Li 2 CO 3 , or LiOAc) for 10 times (3 s/time). Then, the polymer films with different counter anions (polyRu-Cl, polyRu-TFSI, polyRu-CF 3 SO 3 , polyRu-BF 4 , polyRu-ClO 4 , polyRu-PF 6 and polyRu-CO 3 , respectively) were obtained by washed with deionized water and dried under N 2 gas. When LiOAc was used, the film was dissolved in the solution due to the high solubility of the prepared polymer with -OAc.…”

“…[1][2][3] As a new type of EC materials, we have investigated metallo-supramolecular polymers, which are synthesized by the 1:1 complexation of metal ions (Fe, Cu, Ru et al ) and ditopic ligands such as bis(terpyridine)s and bis(phenanthroline)s. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The polymers have a specific color based on the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption. We have revealed that the appearance/disappearance of the MLCT absorption can be reversibly controlled by the electrochemical redox of the metal ions in the polymer.…”

Electrosynthesis and Characterization of the Donor-Acceptor Type Multicolored Electrochromic Materials

“…Kong, Ying 修饰来实现对噻吩聚合物的禁带、颜色及可溶性等多种 性质的调控 [6] . 在噻吩的 3,4-位引入长链的烷氧基分子 可以得到新的噻吩分子, 通过氧化聚合得到可溶性聚合 物, 可在红色中性态和蓝色氧化态之间转变(禁带: 2.04 eV) [7] .…”

“…在噻吩的 3,4-位引入长链的烷氧基分子 可以得到新的噻吩分子, 通过氧化聚合得到可溶性聚合 物, 可在红色中性态和蓝色氧化态之间转变(禁带: 2.04 eV) [7] . 90 年代初德国 Bayer AG 实验室首次合成 3,4-乙 撑二氧噻吩(EDOT), 通过电化学或化学氧化聚合得到 的聚合物 PEDOT, 聚合物具有良好的导电性、稳定性、 光学特性及电致变色性质, 与聚噻吩相比, 禁带降低 (1.6 eV), 薄膜中性态时呈现深蓝色, 氧化态时为透明 的浅蓝色 [6] . 后来证实, 通过噻吩分子的简单修饰难以 得到禁带低于 …”