Nd:YAG at its 50th anniversary: Still to learn

Lupeǐ, V.; Lupeǐ, A.

doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2015.04.018

Cited by 46 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Numerous other methods, which in most cases are more familiar to the optical materials community, have been used to study YAG, including optical absorption and emission spectroscopy, XRD, EXAFS, and EPR [18,[20][21][22]. For example, crystal chemical findings for Nd:YAG have been reviewed in detail [21]. In general, research has indicated that dopant cations are randomly distributed and that in crystals formed at high melting temperatures, small amounts of excess Y 3+ can be found to occupy AlO 6 sites.…”

Section: Garnet Structure and Previous Investigations With Paramagnetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating lanthanide dopant distributions in Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) using solid state paramagnetic NMR

McCarty

Stebbins

2016

Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

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This paper demonstrates the approach of using paramagnetic effects observed in NMR spectra to investigate the distribution of lanthanide dopant cations in YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet, YAlO) optical materials, as a complimentary technique to optical spectroscopy and other standard methods of characterization. We investigate the effects of Ce, Nd, Yb, Tm, and Tm-Cr on Al andY NMR spectra. We note shifted resonances for both AlO and AlO sites. In some cases, multiple shifted peaks are observable, and some of these can be empirically assigned to dopant cations in known configurations to the observed nuclides. In many cases, AlO peaks shifted by more than one magnetic neighbor can be detected. In general, we observe that the measured intensities of shifted resonances, when spinning sidebands are included, are consistent with predictions from models with dopant cations that are randomly distributed throughout the lattice. In at least one set of Al spectra, we identify two sub-peaks possibly resulting from two paramagnetic cations with magnetically coupled spin states neighboring the observed nucleus. We identify systematic changes in the spectra related to known parameters describing the magnetic effects of lanthanide cations, such as larger shift distances when the expectation value of electron spins is greater. We lastly comment on the promise of this technique in future analyses of laser and other crystalline oxide materials.

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Section: Garnet Structure and Previous Investigations With Paramagnetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating lanthanide dopant distributions in Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) using solid state paramagnetic NMR

McCarty

Stebbins

2016

Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

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“…[42][43][44] Aluminate and gallate garnets are very widely used as solid-state laser hosts. [45][46][47] The laser hosts can be single-crystals, 48 polycrystalline, [49][50][51] and in slab or fiber form. 48,[51][52][53][54] Garnet hosts are particularly attractive for high power lasers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Garnets are used for Faraday rotators, 35–38 pressure and temperature sensors, 39–41 and under consideration for sensor and antenna windows 42–44 . Aluminate and gallate garnets are very widely used as solid‐state laser hosts 45–47 . The laser hosts can be single‐crystals, 48 polycrystalline, 49–51 and in slab or fiber form 48,51–54 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive index and lattice parameter prediction for garnets (A₃B₂C₃X₁₂)

Drazin

Hay

2023

J Am Ceram Soc.

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The validity of prediction methods for garnet lattice parameters was tested, and a modified model with best fit to a lattice parameter database with over 1000 garnet compositions was developed. The lattice parameter predictions were used in Shannon and Fischer's model to predict garnet refractive indices. The predictions were compared to refractive index measurements reported for 143 garnet compositions. After calibration of electron overlap factors used in the model, the average prediction error was 1.13%. Sources of error in the models are discussed, as well as applications of the predictive methods.

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“…Y3Al5O12 (YAG) and isomorph Lu3Al5O12 (LuAG) crystals as well as their ceramics and powders doped with rare-earth ions are widely exploited as laser medium [1,2,3,4], luminescent and scintillation materials in the high-tech industry, medicine and security imaging and monitoring systems [5,6,7], and in the solid state white light sources [8]. In spite of the favorable scintillation properties, the main demerit of both YAG and LuAG is the presence of slow components in the scintillation decay, which causes serious degradation of the light yield and timing characteristics [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen-vacancy donor-electron center in Y3Al5O12 garnet crystals: Electron paramagnetic resonance and dielectric spectroscopy study

et al. 2020

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F + center, an electron trapped at oxygen vacancy (VO), was investigated in the oxygen deficient Y3Al5O12 (YAG) garnet crystals by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The measurements were performed in the wide temperature interval 5450 K and the frequency region 9.4350 GHz with using both the conventional continue wave and pulse EPR technique. The pulse electron-nuclear double resonance was applied to resolve the hyperfine interaction of the trapped electron with surrounding nuclei. The measurements show that at low temperatures, T < 50 K, EPR spectrum of the F + center is anisotropic with g factors in the range 1.9991.988 and originates from three magnetically inequivalent positions of the center in garnet lattice according to different directions of the Al(IV) -VO -Al(VI) chains, where Al(IV) and Al(VI) are the tetrahedral and octahedral Al sites, respectively. As the temperature increases, the EPR spectrum becomes isotropic suggesting a motional averaging of the anisotropy due to motion of F + -center electron between neighboring oxygen vacancies. With further increase of the temperature to T > 200 K, we observed delocalization of the F + -center electron into the conduction band with the activation energy about 0.40.5 eV that resulted in substantial narrowing of the EPR spectral line with simultaneous change of its shape from the Gaussian to Lorentzian due to diminish up to zero of the Fermi contact hyperfine field at 27 Al and 89 Y nuclei. Such temperature behavior of the F + -center electron in YAG is completely similar to behavior of a donor electron in a semiconductor. Our findings is further supported by measurements of the conductivity and dielectric properties. In particular, these data show that the conduction electrons are not homogeneously distributed in the crystal: there are high-conductive regions separated by poorly-conductive dielectric layers. This leads to the so-called Maxwell-Wagner dielectric relaxation with huge apparent dielectric constant at low frequencies. To the best of our knowledge, this is probably the first observation of a donor-like behavior of F + center in wide band-gap insulating crystals.

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Nd:YAG at its 50th anniversary: Still to learn

Cited by 46 publications

References 87 publications

Investigating lanthanide dopant distributions in Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) using solid state paramagnetic NMR

Investigating lanthanide dopant distributions in Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) using solid state paramagnetic NMR

Refractive index and lattice parameter prediction for garnets (A₃B₂C₃X₁₂)

Oxygen-vacancy donor-electron center in Y3Al5O12 garnet crystals: Electron paramagnetic resonance and dielectric spectroscopy study

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Nd:YAG at its 50th anniversary: Still to learn

Cited by 46 publications

References 87 publications

Investigating lanthanide dopant distributions in Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) using solid state paramagnetic NMR

Investigating lanthanide dopant distributions in Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) using solid state paramagnetic NMR

Refractive index and lattice parameter prediction for garnets (A3B2C3X12)

Oxygen-vacancy donor-electron center in Y3Al5O12 garnet crystals: Electron paramagnetic resonance and dielectric spectroscopy study

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Refractive index and lattice parameter prediction for garnets (A₃B₂C₃X₁₂)