Nd2Fe14B permanent magnets substituted with non-critical light rare earth elements (Ce, La): A review

Delette, G.

doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2023.170768

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…Fe14Ce2B also fulfills the Q and κ criteria well (Fe14Ce2B: Q = 2.64, κ = 1.15; Fe14Nd2B: Q = 4.2, κ = 1.44). From a strategic point of view, the partial substitution of the more critical neodymium (Nd) with Ce in FeNdB permanent magnets (with as much Ce as possible) is therefore interesting in terms of resource and economic efficiency and sustainability [14,15]. This applies equally to all types (sintered [14][15][16], melt-spun [15,[17][18][19], hot-deformed [15,[20][21][22][23]) of today's most powerful FeNdB magnets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From a strategic point of view, the partial substitution of the more critical neodymium (Nd) with Ce in FeNdB permanent magnets (with as much Ce as possible) is therefore interesting in terms of resource and economic efficiency and sustainability [14,15]. This applies equally to all types (sintered [14][15][16], melt-spun [15,[17][18][19], hot-deformed [15,[20][21][22][23]) of today's most powerful FeNdB magnets. However, there are significant differences between the Fe-Ce-B system and the Fe-Nd-B system, particularly with regard to intrinsic magnetic properties of the hard magnetic 14:2:1 phase, phase equilibria, and the resulting microstructures and magnetic properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With a higher electrode potential than RE-rich phase, it can also stabilize the intergranular regions and therefore may improve the corrosion resistance of magnets [23,29]. Up to 30% degree of Ce substitution, no significant amounts of the Fe2Ce phase occur [14,15,30]. For higher degrees of Ce substitution, Fe2Ce occurs in larger quantities, and the magnetic properties become significantly worse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring Sintered Fe-(Ce, Nd)-B with High Degree of Cerium Substitution as Potential Gap Magnet

Goll,

Loeffler,

Boettle

et al. 2024

Materials

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The more effective use of readily available Ce in FeNdB sintered magnets is an important step towards more resource-efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective permanent magnets. These magnets have the potential to bridge the gap between high-performance FeNdB and hard ferrite magnets. However, for higher degrees of cerium substitution (>25%), the magnetic properties deteriorate due to the lower intrinsic magnetic properties of Fe14Ce2B and the formation of the Laves phase Fe2Ce in the grain boundaries. In this paper, sintered magnets with the composition Fe70.9-(CexNd1-x)18.8-B5.8-M4.5 (M = Co, Ti, Al, Ga, and Cu; with Ti, Al, Ga, and Cu less than 2.0 at% in total and Cobal; x = 0.5 and 0.75) were fabricated and analyzed. It was possible to obtain coercive fields for higher degrees of Ce substitution, which previous commercially available magnets have only shown for significantly lower degrees of Ce substitution. For x = 0.5, coercivity, remanence, and maximum energy product of µ0Hc = 1.29 T (Hc = 1026 kA/m), Jr = 1.02 T, and (BH)max = 176.5 kJ/m3 were achieved at room temperature for x = 0.75 µ0Hc = 0.72 T (Hc = 573 kA/m), Jr = 0.80 T, and (BH)max = 114.5 kJ/m3, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring Sintered Fe-(Ce, Nd)-B with High Degree of Cerium Substitution as Potential Gap Magnet

Goll,

Loeffler,

Boettle

et al. 2024

Materials

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“…REEs are known as "all-purpose earths" and "industrial vitamins" due to their special properties and wide range of applications. They are widely used in rare earth permanent magnetic materials, rare earth phosphors, rare earth chemical catalysts, alloys, and glass ceramic industries [1][2][3][4][5]. The leaching of ore causes ion impurities (such as iron, aluminum, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Aluminum from Synthetic Rare Earth Leach Solution by Selective Complexation and Turbidity Point Extraction

Gao,

Wang,

Oyang

et al. 2023

Minerals

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During the leaching process of ion-adsorbed rare earth ores, large amounts of non-rare earth impurities such as aluminum and iron will be generated. This study selected glutamic acid as a complex agent to selectively calculate aluminum ions; then, added non-ionic surfactants and extract and separate aluminum ions from a rare earth solution using the cloud point extraction method. The effects of solution pH, reaction temperature, equilibration time, amount of glutamic acid, reaction time, and amount of Triton X-114 on aluminum extraction were investigated. The results showed that with a Mglu:MAl ratio of 3:1, a solution pH of 4.5, a constant temperature of 40 °C, and the addition of 10 mL Triton X-114 after 10 min of reaction time, the single extraction efficiency of aluminum ions reached 78.01%, and the extraction efficiency of rare earths was only 5.09% after 10 min of equilibration time. The reaction equation of glutamic acid with aluminum ions was determined, and the lowest extraction concentration of aluminum ions in the glutamic acid complexation extraction solution was found to be cAl = 0.045 ± 0.003 g/L, with a separation coefficient of β(Al/RE) = 66.15. This result indicated that the aluminum ions in the mixed solution could be effectively separated from the rare earth ions when using glutamic acid as a complexing agent in combination with the turbidity point extraction method.

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“…Substitution of Nd by them reduces the performance of the Nd-Fe-B hard magnetic compound, mainly due to the lower intrinsic properties. Delette presented a good overview of substituting with non-critical light rare earth elements [41]. Regarding the Ce and La, it has been demonstrated that an excess in rare earth content and the Co addition limit the formation of some detrimental secondary phases.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Future of Permanent-Magnet-Based Electric Motors: How Will Rare Earths Affect Electrification?

Podmiljšak,

Saje,

Jenuš

et al. 2024

Materials

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In this review article, we focus on the relationship between permanent magnets and the electric motor, as this relationship has not been covered in a review paper before. With the increasing focus on battery research, other parts of the electric system have been neglected. To make electrification a smooth transition, as has been promised by governing bodies, we need to understand and improve the electric motor and its main component, the magnet. Today’s review papers cover only the engineering perspective of the electric motor or the material-science perspective of the magnetic material, but not both together, which is a crucial part of understanding the needs of electric-motor design and the possibilities that a magnet can give them. We review the road that leads to today’s state-of-the-art in electric motors and magnet design and give possible future roads to tackle the obstacles ahead and reach the goals of a fully electric transportation system. With new technologies now available, like additive manufacturing and artificial intelligence, electric motor designers have not yet exploited the possibilities the new freedom of design brings. New out-of-the-box designs will have to emerge to realize the full potential of the new technology. We also focus on the rare-earth crisis and how future price fluctuations can be avoided. Recycling plays a huge role in this, and developing a self-sustained circular economy will be critical, but the road to it is still very steep, as ongoing projects show.

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Nd2Fe14B permanent magnets substituted with non-critical light rare earth elements (Ce, La): A review

Cited by 21 publications

References 160 publications

Exploring Sintered Fe-(Ce, Nd)-B with High Degree of Cerium Substitution as Potential Gap Magnet

Exploring Sintered Fe-(Ce, Nd)-B with High Degree of Cerium Substitution as Potential Gap Magnet

Removal of Aluminum from Synthetic Rare Earth Leach Solution by Selective Complexation and Turbidity Point Extraction

The Future of Permanent-Magnet-Based Electric Motors: How Will Rare Earths Affect Electrification?

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