Optical conductivity measurements are combined with density functional theory calculations in order to understand the electrodynamic response of the frustrated Mott insulators Herbertsmithite ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2 and the closely-related kagome-lattice compound Y3Cu9(OH)19Cl8. We identify these materials as charge-transfer rather than Mott-Hubbard insulators, similar to the high-Tc cuprate parent compounds. The band edge is at 3.3 and 3.6 eV, respectively, establishing the insulating nature of these compounds. Inside the gap, we observe dipole-forbidden local electronic transitions between the Cu 3d orbitals in the range 1-2 eV. With the help of ab initio calculations we demonstrate that the electrodynamic response in these systems is directly related to the role of on-site Coulomb repulsion: while charge-transfer processes have their origin on transitions between the ligand band and the Cu 3d upper Hubbard band, local d-d excitations remain rather unaffected by correlations.Since the discovery of high-T c cuprates, the physics of strongly correlated materials has been at the forefront of research in condensed matter physics. The relationship between correlations, unconventional superconductivity, quantum-spin-liquid behavior and other exotic states of matter has been intensely debated. While at the level of model theories one can introduce criteria to quantify the degree of correlation, such as the ratio U/W , where U is the on-site Coulomb repulsion and W is the singleparticle bandwidth, the quantification in many materials is not that straightforward. The effect of correlations usually shows up as mass renormalization, band narrowing, or as opening or enhancement of the band gap [1, 2].
Cu+2 ions are, arguably, the most strongly correlated among d transition metals [3][4][5][6]. They are key ingredients of high-T c cuprates and have been widely investigated in the last decades. A recent revival of interest in Cu-based materials was triggered by the discovery of geometrically frustrated cuprates that seem to exhibit spin-liquid properties [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and may even harbor unconventional superconductivity with higher angular momenta than existing superconductors [17] or further topological phases [18] although synthesis seems to be difficult [19].In this work we investigate the origin of the optical excitations in the spin-liquid candidate Herbertsmithite and concentrate on the following conceptual issue: which measurable properties in correlated systems are strongly affected by correlation effects and which are not? We will show, experimentally and theoretically, that in a single experimental probe, namely optical conductivity, one can simultaneously observe properties dramatically influenced by Coulomb (Mott-Hubbard) correlation effects, and those that are hardly affected at all.One can distinguish two types of optical absorption processes, depicted in Fig. 1. On the one hand, we have the "charge-transfer process", that in its simple form can be described as creating a hole and an electron res...