Near-Complete Genome Sequence of a Swine Norovirus GII.11 Strain Detected in Japan in 2018

Abstract

Here, we report the near-complete genome sequence of swine norovirus strain SwNoV/Sw1/2018/JP. The genome was genetically similar (90.2%) to that of the only other swine norovirus strain previously detected in Japan (SW/NV/swine43/JP). In conclusion, genome sequences of swine noroviruses in Japan have not been changed significantly in the past 15 years.

Swine Norovirus: Past, Present, and Future

“…Indeed, the information available, although increased over the years, is fragmented, and, most importantly, some studies represent single reports without any follow-up investigations (i.e., studies conducted in Belgium [ 44 ], Slovenia [ 34 ], Spain [ 31 ], Hungary [ 37 ] and Greece [ 45 ], Ethiopia [ 41 ], Taiwan [ 46 ], South Korea [ 32 ], Venezuela [ 47 ]). Only a few countries made more effort in detecting and characterising swine noroviruses, and two or more studies are available for each of these countries (i.e., Italy [ 21 , 22 , 28 , 48 ], USA [ 13 , 20 , 40 , 49 , 50 ], Canada [ 26 , 48 ], China [ 39 , 49 , 50 , 51 ], Japan [ 19 , 20 , 35 , 36 , 52 , 53 , 54 ], Germany [ 33 , 55 ], The Netherlands [ 55 , 56 ], Brazil [ 25 , 29 , 30 , 57 ]). It appears that efforts to investigate the circulation of swine norovirus should be implemented in all continents.…”

“…Due to all the intrinsic limits of the method, ME is no longer used, and only the early studies on swine norovirus reported its use [ 19 , 21 , 22 , 43 , 47 , 58 , 60 ]. In Sugieda et al [ 19 , 54 ], specimens were prepared for EM by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as described in a previous study [ 53 ], using trihydroxy-dichloro-fluoroethane instead of trichloro-trifluoroethane. In Martinez et al [ 47 ], samples were centrifuged through a 40% ( w / v ) sucrose cushion in PBS.…”

“…The latter are often used also for the amplification of cDNA [ 12 , 29 , 30 , 36 , 39 , 48 , 49 , 62 , 68 ]. In order to increase the performance of the molecular assays, in terms of sensitivity and inclusivity, more than one pair of primers were employed [ 19 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 41 , 54 , 57 , 60 , 62 ] and/or nested PCRs were frequently applied [ 24 , 32 , 65 ]. In some studies one-step RT-PCRs were adopted [ 22 , 24 , 28 , 36 , 44 , 48 , 55 , 61 , 64 ], while real-time RT-PCRs are rarely used [ 33 , 49 , 65 , 66 ].…”