Near-infrared activatable phthalocyanine-poly-L-glutamic acid conjugate: increased cellular uptake and light–dark toxicity ratio toward an effective photodynamic cancer therapy

In Vivo Imaging of MMP‐13 Activity Using a Specific Polymer‐FRET Peptide Conjugate Detects Early Osteoarthritis and Inhibitor Efficacy

“…To improve biodistribution of P‐ 18 and the quantity delivered to the articular joints, we considered conjugation to a biodegradable polymer carrier. We chose a PGA polymer of 30 kDa, as it represents an excellent candidate for the delivery of drugs and imaging probes, and we first investigated its suitability by monitoring the tissue distribution of PGA‐Cy5.5 . Our initial administration of PGA‐Cy5.5 to mice showed higher levels of fluorescence compared than those with Cy5.5 alone in various organs including knee joints (Figure C).…”

Phototherapeutic anticancer strategies with first-row transition metal complexes: a critical review

“…To prevent this, several techniques were developed, such as, for example, the incorporation of a charged moiety: either positive 144–148 or negative. 149,150 ZnPcs can also be encapsulated in cyclodextrins, 151 liposomes, 152–154 micelles, 155–158 or nanoparticles (that can consist of polymers, 159–161 silica, 162,163 gold, 164,165 or TiO 2 166 ). Two ZnPcs were or are already in phase II clinical trials: CGP55847, which is a liposomal formulation of ZnPc, used against squamous cell carcinomas, 167 and photocyanine, a di-(potassium sulfonate)-di-phthalimidomethyl ZnPc which was under clinical trial in China against human hepatocellular carcinoma up to phase II (Fig.…”

Zinc(II) phthalocyanines as photosensitizers for antitumor photodynamic therapy

“…Ongarora et al (2012b), after studying the subcellular distribution of a series of cationic ZnPcs in tumor cells, showed that although these compounds localized in multiple sites within the cell (such as mitochondria, lysosomes, ER and GA), the most active onescontaining a PEG group-were mainly found within the ER, suggesting that pegylation could favor the intracellular localization in the ER. Fujishiro et al (2018) also reported that a cationic ZnPc carrying N-methyl-pyridinium groups was observed in greater amounts in the ER, Golgi, and lysosomes, whereas Kiew et al (2017), working with a ZnPc conjugated to poly-L-glutamic acid, revealed a high co-localization in lysosomes and partial colocalization with the ER and mitochondria. In our laboratory, we explored the intracellular distribution of a micellar formulation of a lipophilic ZnPc in CT26 colon cells, and found preferential photosensitizer incorporation into lysosomal vesicles and ER cisterns, but not mitochondria (Chiarante et al, 2017).…”